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KURDISH
TRIBES.
Kurdish
tribes
are
found
throughout
Persia,
eastern
Anatolia
and
northern
Iraq,
but
very
few
comprehensive
lists
of
them
have
been
published.
The
one
most
often
cited
is
that
of
François
Bernard
Charmoy,
which
was
based
on
the
ˆaraf-na@ma
by
the
16th-century
Kurdish
historian
ˆaraf-al-Din
Bedlisi
(q.v.;
I,
pp.
55-85).
An
attempt
to
present
an
up-to-day
list
of
Kurdish
tribes
follows.
KURDISH
TRIBES
IN
PERSIA
Western
Azerbaijan.
The
most
important
Kurdish
tribes
in
that
region
are
Jala@li
(q.v.;
around
Ma@ku),
Mila@n
(also
around
Ma@ku),
H®aydara@nlu
(on
the
Turkish
border,
southwest
of
Ma@ku),
Donboli
(q.v.;
Turki-speaking,
around
K¨oy
and
Salma@s),
Korahsunni
(Kurdicized
Turks,
southwest
of
K¨oy),
ˆekka@k
(south
of
Salma@s),
Herki
(around
Urmia),
Begza@da
(south
of
Urmia),
Zerza@
(on
the
Iraqi
border,
west
of
Oænaviya),
Pira@n
(on
the
Iraqi
border,
southwest
of
Naqada),
Ma@maæ
(around
Naqada),
Mangur
(southwest
of
Maha@ba@d),
Mokri
(around
Maha@ba@d),
Dehbokri
(east
of
Maha@ba@d),
Gowra@k
(south
of
Maha@ba@d,
around
Sardaæt
and
northwest
of
Saqqez),
Malka@ri
(around
Sardaæt),
Suseni
(west
of
Saqqez),
Fayzµ-Alla@h-begi
(northeast
of
Saqqez).
(For
details,
see
Afæa@r
Sista@ni,
pp.
137-95;
Komisiun-e
melli,
pp.
117-29.)
Eastern
Azerbaijan.
In
Qara@jada@g@
(today
Arasba@ra@n),
that
is,
the
region
between
the
Aras
river
and
the
Sabala@n
mountain
range,
there
are
six
Shi¿ite,
Turki-speaking
tribes
of
Kurdish
origin:
Ùalabia@nlu
(q.v.),
Moháammad
K¨a@nlu,
H®osayna@klu,
H®a@ji
¿Alilu
(q.v.),
H®asan
Beglu,
and
Qara@±orlu.
In
K¨alkòa@l,
that
is,
the
region
between
the
Bozg@uæ
mountains
and
the
Qezel
Uzen
(owzan)
river,
there
are
seven
Shi¿ite,
Turki-speaking
tribes
of
Kurdish
origin:
Delika@nlu,
Kolukja@nlu
(an
offshoot
of
the
ˆekka@k),
ˆatára@nlu
(also
an
offshoot
of
the
ˆekka@k),
Ahámadlu,
ˆa@dlu,
Raævand,
and
Ma@ma@nlu.
Finally,
there
are
Shi¿ite,
Turki-speaking
ˆekka@k
occupying
vast
areas
northeast
and
northwest
of
Miya@na.
(See
Afæa@r-Sista@ni,
pp.
109-25;
Oberling,
1964;
idem,
1961,
pp.
52-57,
80.)
Kurdistan.
The
most
important
Kurdish
tribes
in
this
region
are:
Saræiv
(on
the
Iraqi
border,
south
of
Ba@na),
Tilaku÷i
(Kurdicized
Turks,
around
Sonnata
and
Za@g@a),
Bani
Ardala@n
(around
Senna
[Sanandaj]),
Ja@f
(southwest
of
Senna
[Sanandaj]),
Hulila@n
(southeast
of
Kerma@næa@h),
and
the
following
tribes
between
Kerma@næa@h
(present-day
Ba@kòtara@n)
and
the
Iraqi
border:
Gura@n,
Kalhor,
Sanja@bi,
ˆarafbaya@ni,
Kerindi,
Ba@jala@n
(q.v.),
Na@nakuli,
and
Zangana.
(See
Afæa@r-Sista@ni,
pp.
223-59;
Komisiun-e
melli,
pp.
130-33;
also
multiple
entries
in
Nikitine
and
Arfa.)
Hamada@n.
According
to
Mardukò
Kordesta@ni
(I,
pp.
86
and
98),
the
Kurdish
tribes
in
this
province
are:
Jamiri,
Juzika@n,
and
ˆa@hja@n.
Luristan.
According
to
Oskar
Mann
(p.
XXIII),
the
Delfa@n
and
Selsela
groups
of
tribes,
the
Arma@÷i
tribe
of
the
T®arha@n
group
of
tribes,
and
the
Bayra@nvand
tribe
in
the
Piæ-e
Kuh
speak
Laki.
According
to
Mardukò
Kordesta@ni
(I,
pp.
78,
86),
both
the
Itivand
and
the
Judeki
tribes
in
the
Piæ-e
Kuh
are
Kurdish.
There
is
also
a
large
tribe
by
the
name
of
Kord
in
the
Poæt-e
Kuh
(Rabino,
1916,
pp.
40-45).
K¨uzesta@n.
There
are
three
groups
of
Zangana
and
one
of
Jala@li
in
the
Ja@nneki
Garmsir,
northeast
of
Ahva@z.
They
were
brought
there
by
Nadir
Shah
(Qa@÷em
Maqa@mi).
There
was
also
a
tribe
by
the
name
of
AÚl
bu
Kord
which
occupied
seven
villages
on
the
Ka@run
river
south
of
Ahva@z
(Lorimer,
II,
pp.
121,
1042).
Gila@n.
There
have
been
two
important
Kurdish
tribes
in
this
province:
Riævand
(or
Raævand)
and
¿Ama@rlu
(q.v.).
According
to
Rabino,
the
Riævand
formed
part
of
the
Ba@ba@n
tribe
of
Solayma@niya
and
were
moved
to
Gila@n
by
Shah
¿Abba@s
I.
Later,
they
were
chased
out
of
most
of
their
choice
pasturelands
by
the
¿Ama@rlu,
who
were
moved
to
Gila@n
from
northwestern
Persia
by
Na@der
Shah
(Rabino,
1916-17,
pp.
260-61;
tr.,
pp.
304-6).
The
Riævand
now
live
mostly
in
Qazvin
province.
The
¿Ama@rlu
occupy
some
fifty
villages
between
Menjil
and
Pira@kuh
in
southeastern
Gila@n.
(See
Fortescue,
pp.
319-20;
Mardukò
Kordesta@ni,
I,
pp.
100-1;
Afæa@r
Sista@ni,
pp.
132-34.)
Ma@zandara@n.
There
are
three
major
Kurdish
tribes
in
the
province:
Moda@nlu
(north
of
Sa@ri),
Jaha@nbeglu
(north
of
Sa@ri),
and
K¨va@javand
(south
of
Nowæahr).
The
K¨va@javand
tribe,
according
to
L.
S.
Fortescue
(p.
317),
"was
originally
brought
from
Garru´s
(q.v.)
and
Kurdista´n
by
Na´der
Sha´h."
The
Moda@nlu
and
Jaha@nbeglu
tribes
were
probably
also
moved
to
Ma@zandera@n
by
Na@der
Shah.
According
to
Rabino
(1913,
p.
441).
Qazvin.
The
most
important
Kurdish
tribes
in
this
province
are
GÚia@t¯vand
(q.v.),
Ka@ka@vand,
Riævand,
and
Ma¿a@fi.
The
GÚia@t¯vand
tribe
dwells
along
the
Qezel
Uzen
and
ˆa@hrud
rivers.
According
to
Parviz
Varja@vand
(pp.
456-57),
it
was
transplanted
from
western
Persia
by
AÚg@a@
Moháammad
Khan
Qa@ja@r.
The
Ka@ka@vand
tribe
lives
northeast
of
Qerva,
on
the
Sia@h
Daha@n-Zanja@n
road.
The
Reævand
tribe
occupies
the
districts
of
Ala@mut
and
Rudba@r.
The
Ma¿a@fi
tribe
dwells
near
the
Qazvin-Tehran
road
(Fortescue,
pp.
325-26).
According
to
Varja@vand
(pp.
459-60),
there
are
also
small
groups
of
Ba@jala@n,
Behtu÷i,
Ùamiægazak,
Jalilvand,
and
Kalhor
in
the
province.
Tehran.
The
Pa@zuki
tribe
is
the
principal
Kurdish
group
in
the
province.
According
to
Albert
Houtum-Schindler
(p.
50),
it
was
once
a
powerful
tribe
residing
near
Erzurum
in
Anatolia;
but
it
was
broken
up
in
the
late
16th
century,
a
fragment
settling
down
around
Vara@min
and
GÚa@r.
In
the
Tehran
region
are
also
fragments
of
the
following
tribes:
Heda@vand,
Burbur,
Urya@d,
Zerger,
Kord
Ba±a,
Na@nakuli,
and
Qara@±orlu
(Kayha@n,
II,
p.
111);
and
in
Sa@va
there
are
Kalhor
Kurds
(Afæa@r
Sista@ni,
p.
1115).
Isfahan.
According
to
Mardukò
Kordesta@ni
(I,
p.
79),
there
is
a
Kurdish
tribe
in
this
province
by
the
name
of
Ba@zinja@n.
Moreover,
the
name
of
the
town
ˆahr-e
Kord
southwest
of
Isfahan
evidence
the
existence
of
Kurds
in
that
region
in
the
past
(cf.
Kord
in
Fa@rs
mentioned
below).
This
is
reinforced
by
the
remarks
of
early
Muslim
geographers
(Mas¿udi,
Tanbih,
p.
88;
EsÂtÂakòri,
pp.
98-99,
115;
Ebn
H®awqal,
p.
265;
Moqaddasi,
p.
447).
Fa@rs.
According
to
Mardukò
Kordesta@ni
(I,
pp.
75-117),
there
are
more
than
thirty
small
Kurdish
tribes
in
Fa@rs.
Many
of
these
are
undoubtedly
remnants
of
tribes
that
followed
Karim
Khan
Zand
to
Fa@rs;
after
the
fall
of
the
Zand
dynasty,
they
were
absorbed
as
clans
by
the
Qaæqa@÷i
tribal
confederacy.
They
include
the
Saqqez,
Zangana
(five
separate
groups,
including
one
that
today
forms
a
clan
of
the
Kaækuli
Bozorg
tribe
of
the
Qaæqa@÷i),
Kuruni,
Ùegini
(q.v.),
Burbur
and
Urya@d
(clans
of
the
Qaæqa@÷i
¿Amala
tribe),
Lak
and
Vanda@
(clans
of
the
Qaæqa@÷i
Darraæuri
tribe),
Kordlu
(a
clan
of
the
Qaæqa@÷i
Qara@
Ùa@hilu
tribe),
and
Kord-ˆuli.
(See
Oberling,
1960,
pp.
76-84;
idem,
1974,
pp.
225-31.)
References
to
Kurdish
tribes
in
Fa@rs,
as
well
as
to
a
town
called
Kord
in
the
Isfahan
area,
go
back
to
the
10th
century
(Mas¿udi,
Tanbih,
pp.
88-89;
Ebn
K¨orda@dbeh,
p.
47;
EsátÂakòri,
pp.
113
ff.,
125;
Ebn
H®awqal,
pp.
264-65,
269,
270-71;
Moqaddasi,
p.
446).
According
to
Ebn
al-Balkòi,
the
five
major
Kurdish
tribes
of
Fa@rs
had
been
annihilated
during
the
Arab
conquest,
and
the
Kurds
that
were
in
Fa@rs
in
the
12th
century,
other
than
the
ˆaba@nka@ra,
had
been
brought
there
by
the
Buyid
¿Azµad-al-Dawla.
There
were
many
Kurds
in
Fa@rs
in
the
11th
century,
including
as
many
as
five
tribes
of
ˆaba@nka@ra
(Ebn
al-Balkòi,
tr.
pp.
5-13).
Although
Ebn
Balkòi
distinguishes
the
ˆaba@nka@ra
from
the
original
Kurdish
tribes
of
Fa@rs,
the
name
of
one
of
the
ˆaba@nka@ra
five
clans,
Ra@ma@ni
(the
other
four
are
Esma@¿ili,
Karzubi,
Mas¿udi,
ˆaka@ni),
is
identical
with
that
of
a
Kurdish
tribe
of
Fa@rs
mentioned
in
early
sources
(EsátÂakòri,
p.
114;
Ebn
H®awqal,
p.
270;
Moqaddasi,
p.
446).
The
ˆaba@nka@ra
seized
power
from
the
Buyids
in
Fa@rs
in
1062
and
founded
a
dynasty
of
tribal
rulers
there
(Ebn
Balkòi,
pp.
164-67;
Bosworth,
p.
156).
Some
of
the
ˆaba@nka@ra
settled
down
in
the
district
of
Simaka@n,
between
Shiraz
and
Jahrom
(H®asan
Fasa@÷i,
II,
p.
314).
Today,
there
is
still
a
district
by
the
name
of
ˆaba@nka@ra
near
Buæehr.
Khorasan.
There
are
many
thousands
of
Kurds
in
Khorasan,
and
most
of
them
are
descendants
of
tribesmen
who
were
moved
into
the
province
by
Shah
¿Abba@s
I
around
1600.
The
most
important
Kurdish
tribes
in
Khorasan
are:
¿Ama@rlu
(in
the
Marusk
plain,
northwest
of
Niæa@pur),
ˆa@dlu
(in
the
district
of
Bojnurd),
Za¿fara@nlu
(in
the
districts
of
ˆirva@n
and
Qu±a@n),
Keyva@nlu
(in
the
districts
of
Joveyn,
Darragaz,
and
Radka@n),
Tupka@nlu
(around
Joveyn
and
Niæa@pur),
and
Qara@±orlu
(in
the
districts
of
Bojnurd,
ˆirva@n,
and
Qu±a@n).
(See:
Afæa@r
Sista@ni,
pp.
984-1104;
Ivanow,
pp.
150-52.)
The
recent
study
of
Moháammad-H®osayn
Pa@poli
Yazdi
shows
the
extent
to
which
the
Kurds
of
Khorasan
have
become
sedentary
(pp.
23-37).
Kerma@n.
According
to
Percy
Sykes
(p.
210),
there
was
a
small
Kurdish
tribe
in
the
Sa@rdu
(or
Sa@rduya)
region
in
1900.
Until
recently,
there
was
also
a
clan
of
the
Afæa@r
tribe
of
Kerma@n
by
the
name
of
Mir
Kord
(Oberling,
1960,
p.
115).
Baluchistan.
There
are
Kurds
in
northeastern
Persian
Baluchistan,
who
might
be
the
descendants
of
tribesmen
who
accompanied
the
luckless
LotÂf-¿Ali
Khan
Zand
on
his
desperate
flight
to
Bam
in
1794.
Until
the
1880s,
they
were
dominant
in
K¨a@æ,
and
their
leader
was
known
as
the
Sarda@r
of
the
Sarháad
(Sykes,
pp.
106,
107,
131;
see
also
Bestor).
Today,
they
are
widely
scattered,
some
of
them
living
on
the
southern
slopes
of
the
Kuh-e
Tafta@n,
others
dwelling
around
Magas
(today,
Za@bol);
and
still
others
are
settled
in
Sista@n
(Afæa@r
Sista@ni,
p.
918).
Hosayn-¿Ali
Razma@ra@
mentions
eight
villages
in
the
district
of
Bampoæt
that
are
inhabited
by
Baluchi-speaking
Zand
tribesmen
(VIII,
pp.
187,
248,
313,
315,
322,
372,
384).
These
probably
moved
to
Baluchistan
at
the
same
time
as
the
Kurds
of
K¨a@æ.
KURDISH
TRIBES
IN
TURKEY
Most
of
the
Kurds
in
Turkey
have
become
sedentary
and
many
have
lost
their
tribal
identity.
According
to
Mardukò
Kordesta@ni
(I,
pp.
75-117),
at
the
beginning
of
the
20th
century
the
principal
Kurdish
tribes
of
Turkey
were
the
following.
They
are
listed
according
to
district
(vela@yat).
For
more
information
on
Kurdish
tribes
in
Turkey,
see
Ott
Blau
(pp.
608-9),
Mark
Sykes
(pp.
451-86),
and
Badile
Nikitine
(pp.
161-62).
Adéaman:
Telya@.
Afyon:
Jaha@nbegli.
Ag¡ri:
Sa@derli,
K¨a@lati,
H®aydara@nli,
H®amadika@n,
Zila@nli,
Ba@deli,
AÚdama@nli,
Baæma@nli,
Jala@li,
Ba@zikli.
Amasya:
Aruk.
Ankara:
¿Amara@nli,
Na@sáerli,
Zirika@nli,
Judika@nli,
Tirika@n.
Bitlis:
Mudeki,
K¨a@zali,
H®asana@nlu,
AÚtama@nika@n,
Jabbara@nli.
Dia@rbakér:
Dia@rbakri,
Musek,
ˆayk¨duda@nli,
Surkiæli,
Dersimli,
K¨a@za@li,
Beæeri,
Tirika@n,
Pura@n,
Bekira@n,
Raækuta@nli.
Elazig¡:
Gurus,
Kulbaban,
Sina@n,
AÚæmiæa@rt,
Behirma@z.
Erzurum:
Herka÷i,
Zirika@nli,
H®asana@nli,
Pizia@nli,
Raæva@n.
Gaziantep:
Delika@nli
Haka@ri:
Keka@,
ˆemsiki,
Neri,
H®aka@ri,
H®asana@nlu,
Balika@r,
Dina@ri.
Kaysari:
H®a@jiba@nli.
Kir¶ehir:
¿Amara@nli,
T®a@burowg@li,
Barakatli.
Konya:
K¨alka@ni.
MalatÂya:
Sina@minli
Mara¶
(Mar¿aæ):
Gugariæa@nli,
Kika@n,
Va@lia@ni,
Nederli,
Na@æa@dira@,
Dug@a@nli,
Delika@nli,
Jelika@nli,
Balika@nli.
Mardin:
Da@kòuri,
Tur¿a@bedin.
Mu¶:
Ma@maka@nli,
Lula@nli,
ˆekerli,
Panjina@n,
Siluka@n,
Seliva@n,
H®asana@nli,
Azli,
Panija@ri,
Zerza@n,
Balika@n.
Siirt
(Se¿ert):
Mira@n,
Musek,
Kavia@n,
Dersimli,
Da@kòuri,
H®osayni,
Jaziria@n,
Panjina@n.
Siva@s:
Ku±eri,
AÚkò±eæmi.
Tokat
(Toqat):
Aruk.
Tunceli
(Tunjeli):
Milli,
Dersimli.
Urfa:
Givara@n,
¿Aluæ,
Ùa@pkasa@n,
Abu
T®a@her,
Emerza@n,
Ba@ra@n.
Van:
Mahámudi,
Herka÷i,
¿Isa@÷i,
Yazidi,
Sepika@nli,
Duderi,
K¨a@ni,
Jelika@nli,
Ta@kuli,
Ta@pia@n,
Ba@reza@nli.
Yozgat:
Ma@kòa@ni,
K¨a@tunog@li,
T®a@burog@li.
KURDISH
TRIBES
IN
IRAQ
There
are
still
many
powerful
Kurdish
tribes
in
Iraq.
According
to
Moháammad-Amin
Zaki
(pp.
399-410),
the
most
important
Kurdish
tribes
in
Iraq
in
1931
were
the
following.
They
are
listed
according
to
geographical
region
(urban
center).
For
more
information
on
the
Kurdish
tribes
of
Iraq,
see
Henry
Field
(1940),
Cecil
John
Edmonds,
and
Hasan
Arfa.
Arbil:
AÚko,
Diza@÷i,
Sur±i,
Gerdi,
Herki,
Ba@rza@n
(q.v.),
Buli,
ˆirva@n
wa
Bara@dust
(q.v.),
Za@ra@ri,
K¨ila@ni,
Berva@ri
Ba@la@,
Berva@ri
Ûiri,
K¨oæna@v,
Pira@n.
K¨a@neqin:
Ba@jala@n,
Zenda,
Leyla@ni,
Ka@ka÷i,
ˆaykò-bazini,
Biba@ni,
Da@wuda,
Ka@kòeva@r,
Pa@la@ni,
Ka@g@a@nlu.
Kerkuk:
ˆarafbaya@ni,
Barzenji,
Dilo,
T®a@leba@ni,
Jabba@ri,
ˆuha@n,
Zangana,
¿Amarmel,
S®a@lehái.
Mandali:
Qara@
¿Alus.
Mosul:
ˆeqqa@q,
Duski,
Ziba@ri,
Misuri,
AÚrtuæ,
Sendi.
Solayma@niya:
Ja@f,
Mariva@ni,
Piædar,
H®ama@vand,
AÚvra@mi,
and
Esma@¿il
¿Azizi.
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Iraj
Afæa@r
Sista@ni,
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±adorneæina@n
wa
táawa@yef-e
¿aæa@yeri-e
Ira@n,
2
vols.,
Tehran,
1987.
Hassan
Arfa,
The
Kurds:
An
Historical
and
Political
Study,
London,
1966.
ˆaraf
al-Din
Bedlisi,
ˆaraf-na@ma,
tr.
François
Bernard
Charmoy
as
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ou
fastes
de
la
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1868-75.
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Bestor,
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Kurds
of
Iranian
Baluchistan:
A
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Elite,"
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1979.
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Blau,
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über
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ZDMG
16,
1862,
pp.
607-27.
Clifford
E.
Bosworth,
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p.
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John
Edmonds,
Kurds,
Turks
and
Arabs,
London,
1957.
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al-Balkòi,
Fa@rs-na@ma,
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Guy
Le
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Cambridge,
1921;
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1939.
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1940.
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ta@rikò
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1939.
(PIERRE
OBERLING)
June
16,
2004 |