EBRAÚHÈM ˆÈRAÚZÈ, RAFÈ¿-AL-DÈN (b. about 947/1540-41), historian of the ¿AÚdelæa@h^ dynasty (q.v.) of B^ja@pu@r. He traveled from Persia to India as a merchant, and from the age of twenty served Sultan ¿Al^ ¿AÚdelæa@h as a steward (kòúa@nsa@la@r) and scribe. In 1005/1596-97, he received from Sultan Ebra@h^m ¿AÚdelæa@h an appointment as ambassador to Ahámadnagar; he also held posts as governor of the B^ja@pu@r (qq.v.) fort and treasurer. He was still living in 1028/1618-19 when M^rza@ Ka@mra@n of Lahore praised him in his M^rza@-na@ma as a man of great learning. Although he wrote abridgements of M^rk¨úa@nd's Rawzµat al-sáafa@÷, K¨úa@ndam^r's H®ab^b al-s^ar, and a Farhang-na@ma, he is best known for his Tadòkerat al-molu@k, a history of the ¿AÚdelæa@h^ dynasty and contemporary Indian and Persian regimes, begun in 1017/1608-09 and completed three years later (for MSS see Storey, I, p. 743, to which add Sa@la@r Jang, I, p. 406, no. 362 [Hist. 142] and AÚsáaf^ya, handlist 5280). Tadòkerat al-molu@k, written in a clear and readable style, is divided into an introduction and ten chapters (fasál); the first chapter concerns the Bahman^ dynasty, while the second through the eighth detail the history of the ¿AÚdelæa@h^s (with emphasis on the other Deccani kingdoms in the 6th/12th and 8th/14th centuries). The ninth and tenth chapters (expanded to twelve in some manuscripts) relate the history of the Mughal emperors from Ba@bor (q.v.) to Jaha@ng^r, along with the Safavids and Deccan dynasties. A supplement gives an account of Indian temples, jewel mines, rivers, and wonders of the region. Raf^¿-al-D^n ˆ^ra@z^ has been neglected as an historian, partly due to the canonization of Fereæta by the British, but the Tadòkerat al-molu@k remains an important independent source of Indo-Persian history.

Bibliography: (For cited works not given in detail, see "Short References.") A small part of Tadòkerat al-molu@k relating to ¿Ala@÷-al-D^n Bahman Shah was published by H. S. S. Qa@der^ in Ta@r^kò 3/9 (Hyderabad), suppl., January-March 1931, pp. 2-41, and a complete edition by A. N. M. K¨a@led^ based on the AÚsáaf^ya, Sa@la@r Jang, and Oxford MSS, ed. C. Ernst (forthcoming). A partial translation is found in J. S. King, The History of the Bahmanî Dynasty, Founded on the Burhân-i Ma'âsáir [and the Tadòkerat al-molu@k], London, 1900. See also I. A. Khan, "The Tazkirat al-Muluk by Rafiuddin Ibrahim Shirazi as a Source on the History of Akbar's Reign," Studies in History 2, 1980, pp. 41-56. V. R. Natu, "A History of Bijapur by Rafiuddin Shirazi," Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 22, 1905-08, pp. 17-29. N. B. Roy, "Some Interesting Anecdotes of Sher Shah from the Rare Persian Ms. of Tazkirat-ul-Muluk," Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay, Letters 20/2, 1954, pp. 219-26.

(CARL W. ERNST)