|
ARCHEOLOGY
viii.
NORTHERN
AZERBAIJAN
(REPUBLIC
OF
AZERBAIJAN)
Archeological
sites
of
Northern
Azerbaijan
first
came
to
public
attention
in
the
mid-19th
century,
when
European
travelers
became
aware
that
it
abounded
in
ancient
ruins.
Fr.
Dubois
de
Montpereux
(1839-43)
and
A.
Berger
wrote
about
various
site
remains
visible
to
anyone;
and
Baron
de
Baye
gathered
a
collection
of
random
finds.
In
1861
the
Fifth
All-Russian
Archeological
Congress,
held
in
Tiflis
(now
Tbilisi),
stimulated
an
interest
in
the
archeology
of
the
southern
Caucasus
and
of
Azerbaijan
in
particular.
In
1890
J.
de
Morgan
studied
the
mountainous
areas
of
Talysh
in
the
vicinity
of
Lenkoran,
where
he
discovered
over
230
burials
at
several
sites
dated
to
various
periods
of
the
Late
Bronze
and
Early
Iron
Ages;
he
published
his
finds
(de
Morgan,
1896)
and
placed
them
in
the
museum
of
Saint-Germain-en-Laye
in
France.
His
was
the
first
attempt
to
date
the
sites
he
had
studied
and
to
fit
them
into
a
broad
context
of
contemporary
culture.
Between
1888
and
1890
a
German
engineer,
W.
Belck,
excavated
over
250
Early
Iron
Age
burials
at
the
towns
of
Kedabeg
and
Kalakent.
(He
worked
on
instructions
from,
and
in
close
contact
with,
the
noted
German
anatomist
and
student
of
anthropology,
R.
Virchow.)
Some
of
the
cemeteries
proved
to
be
large;
that
of
the
village
of
Paradiesfestung
contained
185
burials.
The
materials
kept
at
the
Berlin
Museum
remained
unpublished
until
1983,
when
their
complete
description
appeared.
Between
1894
and
1903
E.
Rösler,
a
teacher
at
the
Shusha
secondary
school,
excavated
mainly
in
Nagorny
Karabagh;
in
1899
he
moved
to
the
towns
of
Elenendorf
(now
Khanlar)
and
Elisavetpol
(now
Gäncä).
Rösler
concentrated
on
cemeteries
dated
chiefly
to
the
Late
Bronze
Age,
including
such
major
sites
as
the
Archadzor
and
Khodjaly
burial
mounds
in
Karabagh.
The
steppe
barrows
at
Elisavetpol
and
numerous
other
burial
grounds
yielded
rich
and
significant
finds.
Reports
of
Rösler's
fieldwork
regularly
appeared
in
the
Zeitschrift
für
Ethnologie
and
Verhandlungen
der
Berliner
Gesellschaft
für
Anthropologie,
Ethnologie
und
Urgeschichte
(see
1882-96,
1898-99)
and
the
Izvestiya
Imperatorsko¥
Arkheologichesko¥
Komissii
(Proceedings
of
the
Imperial
Archeological
Commission;
see
1904,
no.
12;
1905,
no.
16).
His
materials
were
kept
in
part
in
the
Museum
of
History
in
Moscow,
in
part
in
The
Hermitage,
St.
Petersburg.
At
about
the
same
time,
Captain
N.
Fyodorov
excavated
at
Nakhichevan
on
behalf
of
the
Archeological
Commission.
He
discovered
burials
with
painted
pottery
later
dated
to
the
late
second
millennium
BCE.
Early
in
the
1890s
O.
Rosendorf
and
V.
Skinder
conducted
small-scale
excavations
of
burial
sites
in
western
Azerbaijan;
their
finds
were
sent
chiefly
to
the
Museum
of
History
in
Moscow.
In
1896
the
Archeological
Commission
dispatched
A.
Ivanovski¥,
a
geographer,
historian,
and
archeologist,
to
the
southern
Caucasus.
He
carried
out
large-scale
excavations
in
western
Azerbaijan,
in
the
same
places
where
Belck
had
worked,
then
moved
to
the
southeastern
coast
of
Lake
Sevan
and
Nagorny
Karabagh.
Altogether
he
excavated
over
90
burial
sites,
the
materials
from
which
were
sent
to
the
Museum
of
History
in
Moscow
and
were
described
in
detail
in
volume
VI
(1911)
of
Materialy
po
arkheologii
Kavkaza
(Materials
on
Caucasian
Archeology)
against
the
background
of
European
and
Asian
cultures.
Most
of
the
burials
Ivanovski¥
studied
were
dated
to
the
Early
Iron
Age.
After
1919
the
pace
of
archeological
activities
quickened.
In
1920
the
newly
opened
Museum
of
the
History
of
Azerbaijan
instituted
regular
archeological
expeditions;
in
1923
was
formed
the
Azerbaijan
Committee
for
the
Protection
of
the
Monuments
of
Antiquity,
Art,
and
Nature,
which
regularly
published
results
of
archeological
excavations.
Also
at
that
time
the
Society
for
the
Study
and
Investigation
of
Azerbaijan
was
set
up;
it
too
carried
out
archeological
fieldwork
across
the
republic
and
published
the
results
in
the
Society's
proceedings
(Izvestiya).
From
that
time
on,
archeological
finds
have
been
sent
to
the
republic's
museums.
In
1926
the
Society
organized
an
expedition
under
Academician
I.
Meshchaninov
to
study
the
monuments
of
Nagorny
Karabagh
and
the
environs
of
Nakhichevan.
In
the
same
year,
a
publication
by
members
of
the
expedition
staff
(Passek
and
Latynin
1926)
included
a
survey
of
all
archeological
material
then
known.
In
the
same
year
the
Trans-Caucasian
Scholarly
Association
organized
an
expedition
under
A.
Miller
to
excavate
the
Kizyl-Vank
cemetery
at
Nakhichevan.
That
site
belonged
to
the
Painted
Pottery
culture
and
was
dated
later
than
Fyodorov's
finds.
In
fall
1926
D.
Sharifov
of
the
Azerbaijanian
State
Museum
discovered
previously
unknown
pottery
forms
in
the
Ialo¥lu-Tapa
burial
site
in
the
Nukha
District.
From
the
1930s
on,
the
majority
of
the
archeological
expeditions
in
the
republic
were
conducted
under
the
auspices
of
the
Azerbaijan
Branch
of
the
U.S.S.R.
Academy
of
Sciences.
In
1934
it
organized
an
expedition
that
studied
the
cyclopean
fortresses,
the
first
of
which
had
been
discovered
in
1927
by
Meshchaninov's
expedition.
I.
Djafarzadeh
(1945)
summarized
the
results.
Between
1930
and
1941
J.
Hummel,
a
teacher
of
a
local
secondary
school,
carried
out
systematic
excavations
at
Khanlar
(formerly
Elenendorf)
and,
at
a
smaller
scale,
in
Karabagh.
He
discovered
a
huge
amount
of
diverse
remains,
including
such
important
sites
as
Barrows
I
and
II
in
Khanlar
and
hitherto
unknown
Late
Bronze
Age
settlements.
His
results
were
regularly
published
in
periodicals
and
separately
(Hummel
1931,
1940).
In
1946,
when
it
was
decided
to
build
the
Mingechaur
Hydropower
Station,
a
Mingechaur
archeological
expedition
under
S.
Kaziev
was
organized.
It
discovered
and
studied
a
wealth
of
material
ranging
from
the
Eneolithic
to
the
Middle
Ages.
In
1951
the
Nakhichevan
Expedition
under
O.
Abibullaev
was
instituted;
it
concentrated
on
Kül-Tepe
I
mound.
The
Middle
Ages
came
to
the
center
of
attention
in
1938-41,
and
after
1945
medieval
studies
acquired
an
even
greater
scope.
In
1953
the
Institute
of
Archeology
of
the
U.S.S.R.
Academy
of
Sciences
and
the
Institute
of
History
of
the
Academy
of
Sciences
of
Azerbaijanian
S.S.R.
organized
a
joint
expedition
under
A.
Iessen.
It
first
concentrated
on
the
medieval
settlement
Oren-Kala
in
the
Mil
steppe,
but
the
scope
of
the
expedition's
work
was
much
wider.
Some
of
its
groups
studied
remains
of
various
periods
in
the
Mil-Karabagh
steppe;
they
paid
particular
attention
to
the
origin
and
development
of
permanent
settlements,
emergence
of
the
pasturing
and
semi-nomadic
cattle
breeding
economy,
town
formation,
and
problems
of
the
south
Caucasian
Eneolithic
period.
The
expedition
worked
on,
e.g.,
Uzerlik-Tepe,
Kara-Tepe,
and
the
Big
and
Little
mounds
of
Uch-Tepe;
and
its
reports
did
much
to
advance
archeology
in
the
republic.
Another
expedition
of
the
Institute
of
History,
working
from
1947
to
1966,
studied
about
750
rock
paintings
in
Gobustan
which
are
dated
to
a
long
period
from
the
Neolithic
to
the
early
Middle
Ages;
these
became
known
all
over
the
world
(Djafarzadeh
1973).
Since
the
1960s
and
1970s
several
scores
of
archeological
expeditions
of
the
Azerbaijanian
Academy
of
Sciences
have
worked
in
the
republic.
The
Academy
publishes
the
series
"Material'naya
kul'tura
Azerba¥dzhana"
(Material
culture
of
Azerbaijan),
"Pamyatniki
material'no¥
kul'tury
Azerba¥dzhana"
(Monuments
of
Azerbaijan's
material
culture),
and
"Arkheologicheskie
i
etnograficheskie
izyskaniya
v
Azerba¥dzhane"
(Archeological
and
ethnographic
studies
in
Azerbaijan),
as
well
as
the
journal
Azerba¥dzhanskaya
arkheologiya
(Azerbaijanian
archeology).
In
1953
S.
Zamyatnin
launched
Palaeolithic
studies
in
Azerbaijan,
studying
the
Upper
Paleolithic
sites
in
the
Aveidag
Mountains
in
western
Azerbaijan.
Research
on
this
period
was
continued
by
M.
Guse¥nov,
D.
Gadzhiev
(1979),
and
others
(see
D.
Gadzhiev
et
al.
1979).
The
multi-layered
Azykh
Cave
is
the
most
important
Stone
Age
monument
in
Azerbaijan.
Its
earliest
strata
produced
pebble
tools
reminiscent,
according
to
certain
scholars,
of
the
Olduvai
tool
industry.
Occupation
deposits
cover
a
vast
period
of
the
Paleolithic
from
Early
Acheulian
to
Mousterian.
The
strata
are
1.5
to
5
m
deep;
the
Middle
Acheulian
stratum
contains
traces
of
hearths,
fireplace,
and
probably
dwellings;
the
same
stratum
produced
part
of
the
lower
jawbone
of
a
hominid
(pre-Neanderthal
man
of
the
Heidelberg
type).
The
developed
Mousterian
can
be
found
in
nearby
Taglar
Cave.
Its
Mousterian
industry
has
close
parallels
in
Iranian
Kurdistan
and
Luristan
sites.
The
Upper
Paleolithic
is
best
represented
by
the
finds
from
a
multi-layered
Damcili
grotto
in
the
Aveidag
Mountains.
Early
and
Late
Mesolithic
monuments
of
the
ninth-seventh
millennia
BCE
are
represented
by
the
finds
in
Gobustan
and
the
Damcili
grotto;
cave
shelters
of
the
Beyuk-Tash
Mountain
in
Gobustan
and
Firuz
1
and
2
sites
contained
Mesolithic
and
Early
Neolithic
strata
that
yielded,
in
particular,
over
50
synchronous
rock
paintings.
The
earliest
local
pottery
was
also
found
there.
J.
Hummel
initiated
Neolithic
(seventh-sixth
millennia
BCE)
studies
in
Azerbaijan;
he
discovered
and
studied
the
Kiligdar
flint
quarry,
where
the
stone
was
also
processed,
as
well
as
site
133
at
Khanlar
and
a
burial
at
Shamkhor.
O.
Abibullaev
(1982),
I.
Narimanov
(1987),
and
G.
Ismailov
(1977)
demonstrated
that
the
earliest
strata
of
the
multi-layered
settlements
of
Kül-Tepe
at
Nakhichevan
and
Shomu-Tepe
in
western
Azerbaijan
were
dated
to
the
Late
Neolithic.
During
the
Late
Neolithic
and,
mainly,
during
the
Eneolithic
(sixth-fourth
millennia
BCE),
the
mountain
population
started
moving
down
to
the
Mil,
Karabagh,
and
Mugan
steppes.
It
was
at
that
time
that
an
economy
of
cattlebreeding
and,
predominantly,
agriculture
began
taking
shape.
As
a
rule
these
were
small,
unprotected
settlements,
in
which
archeologists
found
traces
of
long
habitation
marked
by
artificial
mounds
and
burial
grounds.
The
settlements
formed
compact
groups;
chaotically
placed
adobe
houses
(stone
was
used
in
the
southern
areas)
stood
close
to
each
other.
Dwellings
were
mainly
round,
up
to
2.5
m
high.
People
used
artificial
irrigation,
especially
in
the
south.
Abibullaev,
Narimanov,
Makhmudov
and
others
studied
settlements
such
as
Shomu-Tepe,
Toyre-Tepe,
Gargalar-Tepe,
Baba-Dervish,
Leyla-Tepe,
Shomu-Tepe,
Alikemek-Tepesi,
Misharchai
II-IV,
and
Kül-Tepe
I.
The
Eneolithic
strata
are
usually
3
to
5
m
thick;
in
Gargalar,
however
they
extend
up
to
10
m.
The
Alikemek-Tepesi
settlement
covers
an
area
of
over
1
hectare;
materials
from
some
of
the
settlements
(Alikemek-Tepesi)
are
very
close
to
the
materials
obtained
from
monuments
of
northwestern
Iran.
It
became
possible
to
place
these
remains
in
a
chronological
context,
thanks
in
large
part
to
the
position
of
the
Eneolithic
strata
directly
underlying
the
Early
Bronze
strata
in
the
Kül-Tepe
I
and
Baba-Dervish
settlements
and,
especially,
the
finds
of
fragments
of
Halaf
pottery
in
the
Eneolithic
stratum
of
Kül-Tepe
identified
and
studied
by
A.
Iessen.
In
the
Early
Bronze
Age
(mid-fourth
to
third
quarter
of
the
third
millennia
BCE),
the
Kuro-Araks
culture
covered
the
territory
of
Azerbaijan,
and
the
southern
Caucasus
for
that
matter.
During
this
period
agriculture
continued
to
progress,
while
cattlebreeding
sharply
increased.
Archeologists
excavated
the
settlements
of
Mingechaur
and
Baba-Dervish
in
the
north,
Kül-Tepe
I,
Kül-Tepe
II,
Shor-Tepe
and
others
in
the
south;
Garapek-Tepe,
Meine-Tepe,
and
others
in
the
southeastern
offshoots
of
the
Lesser
Caucasus.
Presumably
Early
Bronze
Age
settlements
were
identified
in
northeastern
Azerbaijan,
which
previously
had
yielded
little
archeological
evidence.
Cemeteries
were
situated
outside
settlements,
only
rarely
within
them.
Fieldwork
was
carried
out
by
C.
Khalilov,
T.
Akhundov,
G.
Aslanov,
R.
Vaidov,
G.
Ione,
S.
Kasiev,
O.
Abibullaev,
G.
Ismailov,
and
others.
The
Kül-Tepe
I
Early
Bronze
settlement
covered
no
less
than
1
hectare;
Baba-Dervish
occupies
an
area
of
300
by
200
m.
In
that
period
population
density
increased
considerably,
and
new
settlements
appeared.
Settlements
were
located,
not
only
on
artificial
mounds,
but
also
on
riverbanks,
natural
mounds,
and
mountain
slopes.
Settlements
and
houses
became
larger;
the
houses
remained
round
(up
to
4
m
in
diameter)
or
rectangular
(in
the
upper
strata);
they
were
made
of
adobe
bricks
and
stone.
Semi-dugout
dwellings
were
discovered
in
the
Mingechaur
settlement.
Building
technique
became
more
complex;
the
number
of
outbuildings
increased.
Remains
of
metallurgical
and
pottery
industries
were
found
at
the
sites;
in
that
period
Azerbaijan,
together
with
the
entire
Caucasus,
became
a
major
center
of
metallurgical
production.During
the
Middle
Bronze
period
a
considerable
part
of
the
territory
of
Northern
Azerbaijan
(the
Mil
steppe
and
the
adjacent
foothills
in
the
south)
was
part
of
the
Sevan-Uzerlik
cultural
group
of
the
19th-17th
centuries
BCE,
which
is
characterized
by
painted
pottery.
Uzerlik-Tepe,
the
main
settlement
of
this
group,
was
excavated
by
K.
Kushnaryova
(1957),
who
worked
in
the
Azerbaijani
expedition
headed
by
A.
Iessen.
The
settlement,
200
m
in
diameter,
was
found
on
top
of
a
hill;
its
central
part
was
protected
with
an
adobe
wall
up
to
3
m
wide;
the
eastern
entrance
was
flanked
with
buttresses.
Archeologists
uncovered
remnants
of
houses
with
clay
floors
and
wooden
ceilings.
Sites
with
painted
pottery
of
the
Kizyl-Vank
type
are
grouped
around
Nakhichevan
and
in
the
adjacent
areas
of
northwestern
Iran;
they
are
represented
by
settlements
and
burials.
Settlements
of
an
open
type
(Kül-Tepe
I,
Kizyl-Vank)
and
fortified
(Kül-Tepe
II
and
probably
Shor-Tepe).
Ancient
salt
mines
are
associated
with
Kül-Tepe
II.
The
polychrome
pottery
found
shares
many
features
with
the
pottery
from
the
Urmia
monuments
of
Haftava@n-Tepe
and
Geoy-Tepe.
Population
density
in
Azerbaijan
increased
during
the
Late
Bronze
and
Early
Iron
ages
(late
15th–7th
centuries
BCE)
Local
culture
is
represented
by
different
types
of
remains—permanent
and
temporary,
fortified
and
unprotected
settlements,
cyclopean
constructions,
sanctuaries,
and
rock
paintings.
Burials
of
all
types
with
complicated
structures,
evidence
of
rituals,
and
rich
bronze
objects,
indicate
that
a
military
elite
had
been
formed
by
that
time.
Cattlebreeding
and
the
domestication
of
horses
required
the
existence
of
distant
pastures
and
the
seasonal
migration
of
herds.
The
area
established
stable
and
regular
contacts
with
northwestern
Iran
and
the
Eurasian
steppes.
Northern
Azerbaijan
was
never
captured
by
the
Urartians,
who
had
conquered
the
central
part
of
the
southern
Caucasus;
yet,
if
one
judges
from
archeological
finds,
contacts
between
the
conquerors
and
northern
Azerbaijan
existed.
The
following
monuments
are
well
known:
The
Big
Archadzor
and
Khanlar
(Elenendorf)
barrows;
the
Khodjaly
cemetery,
the
burials
around
Dashkesan
and
Shamkhor,
the
barrows
of
Borsunlu,
Sarychoban,
Beimsarov,
and
Mingechaur;
the
burials
and
stelae
of
the
Apsheron
Peninsula,
the
cemeteries
of
Kharaba-Gilan,
the
settlements
of
Sary-Tepe,
Uch-Tepe,
Khanlar,
and
the
lower
strata
of
Kara-Tepe.These
sites
have
been
investigated
by
N.
Minkevich-Mustafaeva,
I.
Narimanov,
G.
Aslanov,
G.
Jafarov,
G.
Kesamanly,
O.
Danielian,
M.
Guseynova,
and
others.
The
Small
Mound
in
the
Mil
steppe
excavated
by
A.
Iessen
proved
that
in
the
7th
century
BCE
some
Scythian
bands
crossed
the
eastern
part
of
the
southern
Caucasus
on
their
march
to
the
Near
East.
In
the
heyday
of
the
Achaemenid
empire,
Caspiana
(Strabo,
11.4.5),
which
probably
was
situated
in
the
Mugan
steppe,
was
made
part
of
satrapy
XI
(Herodotus,
3.92).
Achaemenid
objects
and
their
local
replicas
appeared
in
northern
Azerbaijan.
The
Sary-Tepe
settlement
revealed
remnants
of
buildings
and
bases
of
columns
that
resembled
Achaemenid
bases;
similar
bases
were
found
in
the
Shamkhor
District.
Once
the
Achaemenid
empire
fell
apart,
the
southern
part
of
northern
Azerbaijan
became
part
of
Atropatene;
and
the
northern
part
formed
a
section
of
Caucasian
Albania;
yet
their
borders
were
never
stable.
Until
the
end
of
the
first
millennium
BCE
the
larger
part
of
northern
Azerbaijan
was
taken
by
the
Ialoylu-Tapa
culture
(which
probably
included
the
jar
burials
culture).
The
better-known
burial
grounds
of
Ialoylu-Tapa
and
Dzhafarkhan,
the
Kara-Tepe
settlement,
the
upper
strata
of
Sary-Tepe,
and
other
sites
were
studied
by
T.
Passek,
A.
Iessen,
O.
Ismizadeh,
D.
Djabarov,
and
others.
Coins
from
the
burials
and
hoards
were
studied
by
E.
Pakhomov.
Starting
in
the
late
4th
century
BCE
coins
had
been
brought
to
Albania;
and
in
the
3rd
and
2nd
centuries
BCE
the
practice
of
local
minting
arose.
At
first
the
Albanian
settlements
were
more
like
small
villages;
in
the
4th
century
BCE,
however,
the
first
towns
appeared.
Old
Kabala,
the
capital
of
Albania,
was
one
of
them,
dated
on
the
strength
of
archeological
evidence.
For
several
centuries
urban
culture
developed,
and
archeologists
have
managed
to
locate
some
of
the
towns
mentioned
in
written
sources.
A.
Iessen
identified
the
Oren-Kala
and
Tazakend
fortified
settlements
as
respectively
Baylakan
and
Paytakaran
of
Arab
and
Armenian
sources.
Archeologists
are
working
at
present
in,
e.g.,
Kabala,
Shemakha,
Baku,
Shabran,
Gäncä,
Nakhichevan,
and
Bard.
Nearly
all
of
these
places
were
founded
as
fortified
towns
that
later,
in
the
9th
and
10th
centuries,
developed
into
large
trading
and
manufacturing
centers.
Early
in
the
13th
century
their
progress
was
cut
short
by
the
Mongol
invasion
that
left
Baykalan
and
some
other
cities
depopulated;
in
other
places,
however,
people
continued
to
live
during
the
14th-17th
centuries.
Archeologists
have
established
that
architecture
and
handicrafts
(including
production
of
glazed
pottery)
were
highly
developed.
They
have
also
discovered
evidence
of
wide
and
intensive
trade
contacts
with
cities
of
Persia
such
as
Ray,
Kashan,
and
Sultanabad.
The
architectural
monuments
of
Northern
Azerbaijan
dating
from
the
12th-15th
centuries
are
widely
known.
Bibliography:
O.
S.
Abibullaev,
Eneolit
i
bronza
na
territorii
Nakhichevansko¥
ASSR
(The
Eneolithic
and
Bronze
Age
in
the
territory
of
Nakhichevan
A.S.S.R.),
Baku,
1982.
G.
M.
Akhmedov,
"Goroda
Azerba¥dzhana
kak
tsentry
remesla
i
torgovli,"
(Azerbaijani
cities
as
centers
of
trade
and
handicrafts),
in
Problemy
azerbaijanskogo
Renessansa
(The
Azerbaijani
renaissance),
Baku,
1984,
pp.
126-38.
Idem,
Goroda
Azerbaijana
epokhi
Nizami
(Azerbaijani
cities
of
the
Nizami
period),
Baku,
1991.
A.
A.
Akhundov,
Arkhitektura
drevnego
a
srednevekovogo
Azerba¥dzhana
(Architecture
of
ancient
and
medieval
Azerbaijan),
Baku,
1987.
A.
K.
Alekperov,
Issledovaniya
po
arkheologii
i
etnografii
Azerba¥dzhana
(Studies
of
Azerbaijan's
archeology
and
ethnography),
Baku,
1960.
V.
G.
Aliev,
Kul'tura
raspisno¥
keramiki
epokhi
bronzy
v
Azerba¥dzhane
(The
Painted
Pottery
Culture
of
the
Bronze
Age
in
Azerbaijan),
Baku,
1977
(in
Azerbaijani).
I.
G.
Aliev,
Ocherk
Istoria
Midii
(Outline
of
the
history
of
Media),
Baku,
1961.
Idem,
"Sarmato-alany
na
puti
v
Iran"
(The
Sarmatian-Alans
on
the
way
to
Iran),
in
Istoria
iranskogo
gosudarstva
i
kul'tury
(History
of
the
Iranian
state
and
its
culture),
Moscow,
1971,
pp.
198-211.
Idem,
Ocherk
istorii
Atropateny
(Outline
of
the
history
of
Atropatene),
Baku,
1989.
I.
Aliev
and
G.
Goshgarli,
"Archeological
Investigations
in
Azerbaijan
(1986-1990),"
Journal
of
Ancient
Civilizations,
1/3,
1994.
G.
M.
Aslanov,
R.
M.
Vaidov,
G.
I.
Ione,
Drevni¥
Mingechaur
(epokha
eneolita
i
bronzy)
(Ancient
Mingechaur
of
the
Eneolithic
and
Bronze
Ages),
Baku,
1959.
G.
M.
Aslanov,
"Arkheologicheskie
raskopki
na
Apsherone"
(Archeological
excavations
in
Apsheron),
in
Material'naya
kul'tura
Azerba¥dzhana
VI,
Baku,
1962,
pp.
67-73
(in
Azeri
with
a
Russian
summary).
G.
Aslanov,
B.
Ibragimov,
S.
Kashka¥,
Drevnie
nekropoli
Kharaba-Gilana
(Ancient
necropolises
of
Kharaba-Gilan),
Baku,
2002.
I.
A.
Babaev.
"K
voprosu
o
vzaimosvyazyakh
Kavkazsko¥
Albanii
s
Sasanidskim
Iranom
(po
materialam
gliptiki
i
numizmatiki)"
(On
interconnections
between
Caucasian
Albania
and
Sasanian
Iran,
based
on
glyptics
and
numismatics),
in
Iskusstvo
i
arkheologia
Irana
(Art
and
archeology
of
Iran),
Moscow,
1971,
pp.
43-56.
L.
S.
Bretanitski¥,
Zodchestvo
Azerba¥dzhana
XVII-XVIII
vv.
(Azerbaijani
architecture
of
the
17th-18th
centuries),
Moscow,
1966.
L.
S.
Bretanitski¥,
B.
V.
Ve¥marn,
"Iskusstvo
Azerbaijana
XII–nachala
XIII
vv."
(Azerbaijani
art
of
the
12th–early13th
centuries),
in
Problemy
azerba¥dzhanskogo
Renessansa
(The
Azerbaijani
renaissance),
Baku,
1984,
pp.
139-61.
Z.
M.
Buniyatov,
Azerba¥dzhan
v
VII-IX
vv
(Azerbaijan
in
the
7th–9th
centuries),
Baku,
1965.
T.
A.
Bunyatov,
Zemledelie
i
skotovodstvo
v
Azerba¥dzhane
v
epokhu
bronzy
(Agriculture
and
cattlebreeding
in
Azerbaijan
in
the
Bronze
Age),
Baku,
1957.
Ch.
Burney
and
D.
M.
Lang,
The
Peoples
of
the
Hills.
Ancient
Ararat
and
Caucasus,
London,
1971.
Fr.
Dubois
de
Montpereux,
Voyage
autour
du
Caucase,
chez
les
Tcherkesses
et
les
Abkhases,
en
Colchide,
en
Ge‚orgie,
en
Arme‚nie,
et
en
Crime‚e,
3
vols.,
Paris,
1839-43.
G.
F.
Dzhafarov,
Svyazi
Azerba¥dzhana
so
stranami
Peredne¥
Azii
v
epokhu
pozdne¥
bronzy
i
rannego
zheleza
(po
arkheologicheskim
materialam
Azerba¥dzhana)
(Contacts
between
Azerbaijan
and
the
countries
of
Hither
Asia
during
the
Late
Bronze
and
Early
Iron
Ages
according
to
archeological
finds
from
Azerbaijan),
Baku,
1984.
Idem,
Azerba¥dzhan
IV–I
tysyacheleti¥
do
n.e.
(Azerbaijan
of
the
fourth-first
millennia
B.C.),
Baku,
2000
(in
Azerbaijanian).
I.
Dzhafarzade,
"Tsiklopicheskie
sooruzheniya
Azerba¥dzhana"
(Cyclopean
constructions
of
Azerbaijan),
Trudy
azerbaijanskogo
filiala
AN
SSSR
(Transactions
of
the
Azerbaijanian
Branch
of
the
U.S.S.R.
Academy
of
Sciences),
Vol.
55,
1945.
Idem,
Gobustan.
Naskal'nye
izobrazheniya
(Rock
paintings
of
Gobustan),
Baku,
1973.
G.
A.
Dzhiddi,
Srendevekovy¥
gorod
Shemakha
IX-XVII
vv.
(The
medieval
city
of
Shemakha
in
the
9th–17th
centuries),
Baku,
1973.
"Epokha
bronzy
Kavkaza
i
Sredne¥
Azii.
Rannyaya
u
srednyaya
bronza
Kavkaza"
(Bronze
Age
in
the
Caucasus
and
Central
Asia.
Early
and
Middle
Bronze
Age
in
the
Caucasus),
in
Arkheologiya,
ed.
by
K.
Kh.
Kushnaryova
and
V.
I.
Markovin,
Moscow,
1994,
pp.
5-156.
D.
V.
Gadzhiev,
M.
M.
Guse¥nov,
A.
V.
Mamedov,
N.
Sh.
Shirinov,
"Kratkie
rezul'taty
kompleksnykh
issledovani¥
Azykhsko¥
drevnepaleolitichesko¥
stoyanki"
(Summarized
results
of
comprehensive
Studies
of
the
Azykh
Early
Paleolithic
camp),
in
Izvestiya
Akademii
Nauk
Azerb.
SSR,
seria
nauka
o
zemle
(Proceedings
of
the
Academy
of
Sciences
of
the
Azerbaijanian
S.S.R.,
Earth
Sciences
Series),
1979,
No.
3.
M.
Kh.
Ge¥darov,
Goroda
i
gorodskoe
remeslo
Azerba¥dzhana
XIII-XVII
vv.
(Cities
and
urban
handicrafts
in
Azerbaijan
in
the
13th-17th
centuries),
Baku,
1982.
R.
B.
Geyushev,
Khristianstvo
v
Kavkazsko¥
Albanii
(po
dannym
arkheologii
i
pis'mennykh
istochnikov)
(Christianity
in
Caucasian
Albania
according
to
archeological
finds
and
written
sources),
Baku,
1984.
Idem,
Arkheologiya
Azerba¥dzhana
(Archeology
of
Azerbaijan),
Baku,
1986
(in
Azerbaijani).
M.
M.
Guse¥nov,
ed.,
Kamenny¥
vek
i
eneolit
v
Azerba¥dzhane
(sbornik
state¥)
(The
Stone
Age
and
Eneolithic
in
Azerbaijan,
collection
of
articles),
Baku,
1984.
M.
A.
Guse¥nova,
Keramika
Vostochnogo
Zakavkaz'ya
epokhi
pozdne¥
bronzy
i
rannego
zheleza
XIV-IX
vv.
do
n.
e.
(Pottery
of
eastern
Trans-Caucasus
of
the
Late
Bronze
and
Early
Iron
Ages,
14th-9th
centuries
B.C.),
Baku,
1989.
J.
Hummel
(Ya.
I.
Gummel),
Pogrebal'ny¥
kurgan
No.
1
okolo
Elenendorfa
Azerba
i¥dzhansko¥
SSR
(Burial
mound
no.
1
at
Elenendorf,
Azerbaijanian
S.S.R.),
Baku,
1931.
Idem,
"Zur
Archaeologie
Azerbaidzans,"
Eurasia
Septentrionalis
Antiqua
8,
1933,
pp.
311-34.
Idem,
Arkheologicheskie
ocherki
(Archeological
essays),
Baku,
1940.
A.
A.
Iessen,
"K
voprosu
o
drevne¥she¥
metallurgii
medi
na
Kavkaze"
(On
the
earliest
copper
metallurgy
in
the
Caucasus),
Izvestia
Gos.
Akademii
istorii
material'no¥
kul'tury
(Proceedings
of
the
State
Academy
of
the
History
of
Material
Culture),
Issue
120,
Moscow
and
Leningrad,
1935,
pp.
7-420.
Idem,
ed.,
Trudy
Azerba¥dzhansko¥
(Oren-Kalinsko¥)
ekspeditsii
(Proceedings
of
the
Azerbaijanian
[Oren-Kala]
Expedition),
Vols.
I–III
(Materialy
i
issledovaniya
po
arkheologii
SSSR
"Materials
on
and
Studies
of
Archeology
of
the
U.S.S.R.,"
Nos.
67,
125,
133),
Moscow
and
Leningrad,
1959,
1965,
1965.
Idem,
"Kavkaz
i
Drevni¥
Vostok
v
IV
i
III
tys.
do
n.e."
(The
Caucasus
and
the
Ancient
Orient
in
the
fourth
and
third
millennia
B.C.),
Kratkie
soobshcheniya
Instituta
arkheologii
(Concise
reports
of
the
Institute
of
Archeology),
1963,
Issue
93,
pp.
3-14.
G.
S.
Ismailov,
Arkheologicheskoe
issledovanie
drevnego
poseleniya
Baba-Dervish
(Archeological
studies
of
the
ancient
Baba-Dervish
settlement),
Baku,
1977.
O.
Sh.
Ismizadeh,
Yalo¥lutapinskaya
kul'tura
(Ialoylu-Tapa
culture),
Baku,
1956.
S.
M.
Kashkay,
"General
Outlines
of
the
Material
Culture
of
the
Nakhichevan
Zone
and
of
Iranian
Azerbaijan
(End
of
the
Second-Beginning
of
the
First
Millennium
B.C.),"
AAASH
22,
1974,
pp.
349-51.
M.
A.
Kashka¥
and
I.
R.
Selimkhanov,
Iz
istorii
drevne¥
metallurgii
Kavkaza
(From
the
history
of
ancient
metallurgy
in
the
Caucasus),
Baku,
1973.
S.
M.
Kaziev,
"Arkheologicheskie
raskopki
v
Mingechaure"
(Archeological
excavations
in
Mingechaur),
in
Material'naya
kul'tura
Azerba¥dzhana
I,
Baku,
1949,
pp.
1-36.
Idem,
Al'bom
kuvshinnykh
pogrebeni¥
(An
album
of
jar
burials),
Baku,
1962.
J.
A.
Khalilov,
Material'naya
kul'tura
Kavkazsko¥
Albanii
(IV
v.
do
n.
e.–3
v.
n.
e.)
(Material
Culture
of
Caucasian
Albania,
4th
century
B.C.–3rd
Century
A.D.),
Baku,
1985.
G.
A.
Koshelenko,
ed.,
Drevne¥shie
gosudarstva
Kavkaza
i
Sredne¥
Azii
(Ancient
states
of
the
Caucasus
and
Central
Asia),
in
the
series
Arkheologiya
SSSR
(Archeology
of
the
U.S.S.R.),
Moscow,
1985.
K.
Kh.
Kushnaryova,
"Nekotorye
pamyatniki
epokhi
pozdne¥
bronzy
v
Nagornom
Karabakhe"
(Late
Bronze
Age
Monuments
in
Nagorny
Karabagh),
Sovetskaya
arkheologiya
27,
1957,
pp.
135-77.
Eadem,
Yuzhny¥
Kavkaz
v
IX-II
tys.
do
n.e.
(The
southern
Caucasus
in
the
9th–2nd
millennia
B.C.),
St.
Petersburg,
1993.
V.
M.
Masson,
"Drevnie
grobnitsy
vozhde¥
na
Kavkaze:
Nekotorye
aspekty
sotsiologichesko¥
interpretatsii"
(Ancient
burials
of
chiefs
in
the
Caucasus:
certain
aspects
of
sociological
interpretation),
in
Kavkaz
i
Vostochnaya
Evropa
v
drevnosti
(The
Caucasus
and
Eastern
Europe
in
antiquity),
Moscow,
1973,
pp.
102-12.
I.
I.
Meshchaninov,
"K
voprosu
ob
assiriysko¥
busine
Khodzhalinskogo
mogil'nika"
(About
the
Assyrian
bead
from
the
Khodjaly
cemetery),
in
Izvestiya
Obshchestva
Obsledovaniya
i
Izucheniya
Azerba¥dzhana
(Proceedings
of
the
Society
for
the
Study
and
Investigation
of
Azerbaijan),
Baku,
1926,
No.
3.,
pp.
107-11.
N.
V.
Minkevich-Mustafaeva,
"O
datirovke
i
khronologicheskikh
etapakh
nekotorykh
pamyatnikov
Azerba¥dzhana
epokhi
pozdne¥
bronzy
i
rannego
zheleza"
(On
the
dates
and
chronological
stages
of
certain
Late
Bronze-Early
Iron
monuments
in
Azerbaijan),
in
Material'naya
kul'tura
Azerba¥dzhana
IV,
Baku,
1962,
pp.
109-39.
J.
de
Morgan,
Mission
scientifique
en
Perse
IV,
Paris,
1896.
W.
Nagel
andd
E.
Strommenger,
Kalakent.
Früheisenzeitliche
Grabfunde
aus
dem
transkaukasischen
Gebiet
von
Kirovabad/Elisavetopol,
Berlin,
1985.
I.
G.
Narimanov,
Arkheologicheskie
pamyatniki
Gyandzhinskogo
rayona
(Archeological
monuments
of
the
Gäncä
District),
Baku,
1958
(in
Azerbaijani).
Idem,
"Nakhodki
baz
kolonn
V-IV
vv.
do
n.e.
v
Azerbaijane"
(Finds
of
Column
Bases
of
the
5th–4th
centuries
B.C.
in
Azerbaijan),
Sovetskaia
arkheologia,
1960,
no.
4,
pp.
162-64.
Idem,
Kul'tura
drevne¥shego
zemledel'cheskogo-skotovodcheskogo
naseleniya
Azerba¥dzhana
(Culture
of
the
earliest
agriculturalists
and
cattle
breeders
in
Azerbaijan),
Baku,
1987.
F.
L.
Osmanov,
"Glinyanye
sarkofagi,
na¥dennye
na
territorii
Azerbaijana"
(Clay
sarcophagi
found
in
Azerbaijan),
in
Material'naya
kul'tura
Azerba¥dzhana
VIII,
Baku,
1973,
pp.
245-49.
Otchoty
Imperatorsko¥
Arkheologichesko¥
Komissii
za
1893–1903
gg.
(Reports
of
the
Imperial
Archeological
Commission
for
1893-1903),
St.
Petersburg,
1893–1906.
E.
A.
Pakhomov,
Klady
Azerba¥dzhana
i
drugikh
respublik
i
krayov
Kavkaza
(Hoards
of
Azerbaijan
and
of
Other
Caucasian
republics
and
territories),
Issues
I-IX,
Baku,
1957-66.
Idem,
"Antichnye
Monety
v
Albanii
(v
predelakh
Azerba¥dzhansko¥
SSR)"
(Ancient
coins
in
Albania,
within
the
Azerbaijan
S.S.R.),
in
Voprosy
istorii
Kavkazsko¥
Albanii
(Problems
of
the
History
of
Caucasian
Albania),
Baku,
1962,
pp.
105-13.
T.
Passek
and
B.
Latynin,
"Ocherk
doistorii
Severnogo
Azerbai¥dzhana"
(Outline
of
the
pre-history
of
northern
Azerbaijan),
in
Izvestiya
Obshchestva
Obsledovaniya
i
Izucheniya
Azerba¥dzhana
(Proceedings
of
the
Society
for
the
Study
and
Investigation
of
Azerbaijan),
Baku,
1926,
No.
3,
pp.
3-48.
B.
B.
Piotrovski¥,
Arkheologia
Zakavkaz'ia
(Archeology
of
the
Trans-Caucasus),
Leningrad,
1949.
M.
N.
Pogrebova,
Iran
i
Zakavkaz'ie
v
rannem
zheleznom
veke
(Iran
and
the
Trans-Caucasus
in
the
Early
Iron
Age),
Moscow,
1977.
K.
V.
Trever,
Ocherki
po
istorii
i
kul'ture
Kavkazsko¥
Albanii
(An
outline
of
the
history
and
culture
of
Caucasian
Albania),
Moscow
and
Leningrad,
1959.
(M.
N.
POGREBOVA)
June
16,
2004
Figure
1.
Major
archeological
sites
of
northern
Azerbaijan
|