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KANGARLU
(KENGERLÜ,
KUNGURLU),
a
Turkic
tribe
of
Azerbaijan
and
the
Qom-Vera@min
region
of
central
Persia.
Kangar
was
the
name
of
a
branch
of
the
Pecheneg
oymak
(see
Ra‚sonyi,
p.
131).
But
there
does
not
seem
to
have
been
any
link
between
that
group
and
the
Kangarlu
tribe
of
Persia
(Togan,
p.
100).
The
Kangarlu
of
Persia
first
came
to
prominence
as
a
clan
of
the
powerful
Usta@jlu
tribe
of
the
Qezelba@æ
tribal
confederacy
(see
Reid,
pp.
114-21,
196-97).
During
Safavid
times,
the
Kangarlu
produced
several
important
leaders.
Ahámad
Sultan
Kangarlu
was
governor
of
ˆahriva@r
and
Vera@min
in
1526-27
(Barque‚-Grammont,
p.
98).
Sáadr
al-Dinkhan,
who
was
governor
of
Astara@ba@d
in
the
1530s
and
1540s,
helped
repulse
two
Uzbek
invasions
(Eskandar
Monæi,
pp.
105-107,
138).
Another
Kangarlu
leader
who
fought
against
the
Uzbeks
was
Mosátáafa@
Beg
Kangarlu,
who
was
governor
of
Tun
and
T®abas
in
the
early
1590s.
For
two
years,
he
and
a
small
force
of
Usta@jlu
warriors
bravely
resisted
an
Uzbek
onslaught,
until,
in
1593-94,
he
was
finally
captured
and
executed
(Eskandar
Monæi,
pp.
455-56,
488-90).
Yet
another
important
Kangarlu
leader
during
Safavid
times
was
Maqsáud
Sultan
Kangarlu,
who
is
on
Eskandar
Monæi's
list
of
the
great
amirs
of
the
reign
of
Shah
¿Abba@s
I
(p.
1085).
Shortly
after
the
Persian
capture
of
Eriva@n,
in
June
1604,
he
was
appointed
governor
of
Nakò±eva@n,
north
of
the
Aras
river.
But
when,
later
that
year,
Ottoman
forces
threatened
the
area,
Shah
¿Abba@s
ordered
Maqsáud
Sultan
to
evacuate
the
entire
population
of
the
Nakò±eva@n
region
(including
the
Armenians
of
Jolfa@,
who,
in
the
following
year,
were
transplanted
to
Isfahan)
to
Qara@ja
Da@g@
(Arasba@ra@n)
and
Dezma@r
(Eskandar
Monæi,
pp.
656,
668).
Many
Kangarlu
settled
north
of
the
Aras
river,
probably
in
around
1500,
when
the
Usta@jlu
moved
into
Azerbaijan.
In
1809,
J.
M.
Jouannin,
described
these
Kangarlu
as
"a
small
tribe
established
in
Persian
Armenia,
on
the
shores
of
the
Aras,
and
numbering
up
to
four
or
five
thousand
individuals"
(p.
459).
In
1921,
M.
H.
Valili
Baharlu
wrote
that
there
were
Kangarlu
around
Gök±a@y,
Java@næir
and
ˆuæa@
(pp.
61ff.).
Many
of
these
are
undoubtedly
the
descendants
of
Kangarlu
who
were
forced
to
move
south
of
the
Aras
river
by
Shah
¿Abba@s
I
in
1604,
and
were
then
allowed
to
return
to
their
original
grazing
grounds
by
Shah
¿Abb@as
II
(r.
1642-1666)
in
an
attempt
to
repopulate
the
frontier
regions
of
his
realm.
Today,
there
is
a
clan
of
the
H®a@ji
¿Alilu
tribe
of
Qara@ja
Da@g@
by
the
name
of
Kangarlu.
In
1960,
it
comprised
some
25
households
(Iranian
Army
Files).
There
is
also
a
village
by
the
name
of
Kangarlu
24
kms
to
the
north
of
Meæginæahr,
in
the
same
general
area
(Razma@ra@,
p.
429).
These
are
probably
the
descendants
of
Kangarlu
who
were
moved
to
Qara@ja
Da@g@
in
1604
and
remained
there.
Some
Kangarlu
also
settled
in
western
Azerbaijan.
One
group,
which
was
mentioned
by
¿Abd-al-Razza@q
(p.
253)
and
Valili
Baharlu
(p.
61),
dwelled
between
Selma@s
and
K¨oy,
where
there
is
still
a
village
by
the
name
of
Kangarlu
(Razma@ra@,
p.
429).
Another
group
apparently
dwelled
to
the
east
of
Bosta@na@ba@d,
one
third
of
the
way
between
Tabriz
and
Mia@na,
for
there
is
also
a
village
by
the
name
of
Kangarlu
there
(Razma@ra@,
p.
429).
It
is
uncertain
when
these
two
groups
moved
to
western
Azerbaijan.
Finally,
there
is
a
group
of
Kangarlu
in
the
Qom-Vera@min
region
in
central
Persia.
According
to
Jouannin,
it
comprised
some
1,000
individuals
in
1809
(p.
460).
According
to
M.
L.
Sheil,
together
with
a
group
of
Arabs
of
Dama@vand
and
a
group
of
Qara@
Ùorlu,
it
comprised
1,000
"tents
and
houses"
in
1849
(p.
397).
But,
according
to
S.
I.
Bruk,
it
comprised
as
many
as
30,000
individuals
in
1960
(p.
32),
a
figure
which
seems
somewhat
excessive.
It
is
possible
that
these
Kangarlu
have
been
in
that
region
since
Ahámad
Sultan
was
its
governor
in
the
1520's.
Bibliography:
¿Abd-al-Razza@q,
in
H.
J.
Brydges,
tr.,
Dynasty
of
the
Kajars,
London,
1833.
J.
Bacque‚-Grammont,
"Une
liste
d'e‚mirs
ostag¡lus
re‚volte‚s
en
1526,"
Studia
Iranica
5,
1976,
pp.
91-114.
S.
I.
Bruk,
Naselenie
Perednei
Azii,
Moscow,
1960.
Eskandar
Monæi,
Ta@rikò-e
¿AÚlam-a@ra@-ye
¿Abba@si,
Tehran,
1956.
J.
M.
Jouannin,
list
of
tribes,
in
A.
Dupre‚,
Voyage
en
Perse,
fait
dans
les
anne‚es
1807,
1808
et
1809,
Paris,
1819,
II.
L.
Ra‚sonyi,
Tarihte
Türklük,
Ankara,
1971.
H®.
¿A.
Razma@ra@,
Farhang-e
jog@ra@fia@-ye
Ira@n
IV,
Tehran,
1951.
J.
J.
Reid,
Tribalism
and
Society
in
Islamic
Iran,
1500-1629,
Malibu,
1983.
M.
L.
Sheil,
Glimpses
of
Life
and
Manners
in
Persia,
London,
1856.
Z.
V.
Togan,
"Azerbaycan,"
Ëslâm
Ansiklopedisi,
fsc.
12,
1950,
pp.
91-118.
M.
H.
Valili
Baharlu,
Azerbaycan,
Cog¡rafî,
Tabîî,
Etnografî
ve
Ëktisâdî
Mülâhazât,
Baku,
1921.
(P.
OBERLING)
February
11,
2004
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