|
AUSTRIA
ii.
IRANIAN
STUDIES
IN
Many
of
the
Austrian
Iranologists
and
their
scholarly
achievements
are
discussed
in
the
surveys
s.v.
GERMANY
iii.
and
iv.
The
present
entry
is
intended
as
a
synthetic
history
of
the
organization
of
Iranian
studies
(1)
up
to
1918
in
all
the
Habsburg
"hereditary
countries,"
which
included
the
present
Czech
Republic
and
Slovakia,
Hungary,
Croatia,
Bosnia,
also
parts
of
Poland,
Romania,
and
Ukraine,
and
(2)
since
1918
in
the
Republic
of
Austria
exclusively.
Ancillary
beginnings
(1524–1754).
Valuable
information
on
Persia
was
often
reported
by
Austrian
envoys
(Hans
Christoph
Freiherr
von
Teufel
zu
Guntersdorf,
1587;
Georg
Tectander,
1602-5),
travelers
(Heinrich
von
Poser
und
Gro£nedlitz,
1620–25),
and
Jesuit
missionaries
(P.
Alexander
de
Rhodes,
P.
Grueber).
However,
the
earliest
orientalists
in
Austria
were
Johann
Jesen
(the
Bohemian
physician
of
Emperor
Rudolf
II
[r.
1576-1612])
and
Sebastian
Tengnagel
(1574–1636,
native
of
Büren,
in
Guelders
[in
the
present-day
Netherlands]),
the
second
custodian
of
the
Imperial
Library;
the
latter,
although
more
conversant
in
Turkish
than
in
Persian,
bequeathed
some
New
Persian
manuscripts
to
the
Hofbibliothek
(some
may
have
been
acquired
earlier).
The
Vienna
Library
preserves
the
oldest
extant
New
Persian
manuscript
in
Arabic
script,
the
pharmacopoeiea
Keta@b
al-abnia
wa
'l-háaqa@÷eq
al-adwia
of
Abu
Mansáur
Mowaffaq
Heravi
(q.v.),
copied
in
1056
CE
by
the
poet
Asadi
(q.v.;
facs.
ed.
by
F.
R.
Zeligmann,
Vienna,
1859).
Iranian
studies
arose
from
diplomatic
relations,
in
Austria
somewhat
later
than
in
Bohemia,
Hungary,
or
Poland.
Until
1750,
the
government's
aim
was
to
meet
the
practical
need
to
instruct
professional
interpreters
(dragomans,
entitled
Sprachknaben).
Although
the
first
contacts
were
established
in
1524
on
the
occasion
of
the
Persian
embassy
of
Father
Petrus
de
Monte
Libano
to
Emperor
Charles
V
(r.
1519-56),
the
legates
(Austrian
ambassadors)
were
content
with
employing
Christian
natives
or
sending
young
men
(from
1578)
to
Istanbul
to
acquire
a
practical
command
of
the
languages.
The
first
Imperial
Court
Interpreter
(Hofdolmetscher)
was
appointed
in
1661,
in
the
person
of
François
de
Mesgnien
Meninski
(1623–97),
who
was
a
distinguished
expert
in
the
languages
used
in
the
Muslim
kingdoms.
In
1674,
the
Sprachknaben-Institut
(under
the
auspices
of
the
Internunciature
in
Istanbul)
was
established
in
Vienna,
on
the
model
of
training
institutions
in
France
and
Poland;
and
courses
in
Oriental
languages
were
instituted
at
the
University
of
Vienna
by
Gianbattista
Podestaà
(1624–1703).
The
oldest
printings
in
Austria
in
modern
Oriental
languages
date
from
the
same
period
(Podestaà,
Tractatus
varii
de
linguis
orientalibus,
praecipue
Arabica,
Persica
et
Turcica,
Vienna,
1669;
P.
Bedik,
Cehil
Sutun,
seu
explicatio
utriusque
celeberrimi,
ac
pretiosissimi
Theatri
quadraginta
columnarum
in
Perside
Orientis,
Vienna,
1678).
These
works
were
soon
superseded
by
Mesgnien's
Thesaurus
linguarum
Orientalium,
Turcicae,
Arabicae,
Persicae
...,
published
in
Vienna
in
four
volumes
between
1680
and
1687,
which
for
150
years
remained
a
standard,
especially
in
Jenisch's
1780
reprint.
This
flowering
did
not
last
long.
Podestaà's
courses
met
with
only
slight
success
(a
total
of
three
students
completed
the
three-year
course)
and
were
discontinued
after
1677.
The
Paraemia
Locmani
sapientis
(1703)
by
Mesgnien's
pupil
and
successor
as
Hofdolmetscher
(official
Interpreter),
John
Adam
Lacheviz,
is
of
little
value.
After
it,
and
Podestaà's
scarcely
distributed
Cursus
grammaticalis
linguarum
orientalium,
arabicae
scilicet,
persicae
et
turcicae
(3
vols.,
Vienna,
1703),
Oriental
studies
in
Austria
remained
static
for
50
years,
since
the
collapse
of
the
Safavid
kingdom
in
1722
severely
restricted
regular
diplomatic
relations
and
official
concern
with
Persia.
Enlightened
orientalism:
the
translation
epoch
(1754–1848).
The
situation
changed
in
1754,
when,
under
the
impetus
of
the
Chancellor
Prince
of
Kaunitz-Rietberg,
the
Kaiserlich-königliche
Akademie
der
Orientalischen
Sprachen
(k.k.
Orientalische
Akademie),
was
founded
with
eight
Sprachknaben
and
a
ten-year
curriculum.
This
school
of
advanced
training
seemed
at
first
to
be
intended
for
a
utilitarian
goal
similar
to
that
of
the
former
initiatives,
even
though
New
Persian
was
not
included
among
the
languages
taught.
However,
the
Orient,
viewed
as
the
"source
of
Light,"
now
fascinated
both
enlightened
aristocrats
and
influential
freemasons
(cf.
the
figure
of
Sarastro
Zarathustra
in
the
Magic
Flute),
so
that
the
Academy
was
building
one
of
the
most
effective
bridges
to
the
exclusive
Austrian
nobility
and
a
diplomatic
career.
Among
the
first
group,
Franz
Maria
Freiherr
von
Thugut
succeeded
Kaunitz
as
chancellor
in
1794,
and
Bernhard
(later
Freiherr)
von
Jenisch
was
appointed
in
1780
as
trustee
of
the
Imperial
Library;
the
third
director,
Father
Franz
Höck,
S.J.,
became
Rector
Magnificus
of
the
University
of
Vienna
in
1802.
A
patron
enabled
a
library
to
be
assembled,
with
87
Persian
manuscripts
and
hundreds
of
documents.
The
tide
of
the
publications
flowed
again:
Ignaz
Lorenz
Freiherr
von
Stürmer,
Anthologia
Persica,
seu
selecta
e
diuersis
Persis
auctoribus
exempla
in
latinum
translata
(Vienna,
1778);
Berhard
von
Jenisch
and
Franz
Höck,
Mohammed
Mirchond.
Historia
priorum
regum
Persarum
post
fi;rmatum
in
regno
islamismus,
persice
et
latine
(Vienna,
1782);
Johann
Friedel,
Fragmente
über
die
Literaturgeschichte
der
Perser,
nach
dem
Lateinischen
des
Baron
C.E.A.
Reviczky
von
Rewissnie
(Vienna,
1783).
Still
more
active
were
Jakob
von
Wallenburg
(1763–1806),
Josef
Freiherr
von
Hammer-Purgstall
(1774–1856)
and
Vinzenz
von
Rosenzweig
Ritter
zu
Schwannau
(1791–1865).
Wallenburg's
translation
of
Jala@l-al-Din
Rumi's
Matònavi
perished,
and
his
untimely
death
broke
off
his
translation
of
Ferdowsi's
ˆa@h-na@ma.
Parts
of
it
were
printed
in
Hammer-Purgstall's
Fundgruben
des
Orients
(Vienna,
1809-19),
and
A.
de
Bianchi
edited
his
Notice
sur
le
Schah
Name
de
Ferdoussi
(Vienna,
1810).
Hammer-Purgstall's
famous
Mahomed-Schemsed-din
Hafi;s'
Divan,
(Tübingen,
1813-14)
influenced
Goethe's
Westöstlicher
Diwan
and
revealed
the
universal
significance
of
Persian
poetry.
This
was
only
a
small
part
of
his
oeuvre,
which
included
history
(e.g.,
a
ten-volume
Geschichte
der
Osmanen,
Pest,
1827-33;
and
Geschichte
der
Ilchane,
d.i.
der
Mongolen
in
Persia,
Darmstadt,
1842)
and
Persian,
Arabic,
and
Turkish
literature
(e.g.,
Geschichte
der
schönen
Redekunst
Persiens
vom
4.
Jahrhundert
der
Hedschira
...
Mit
einer
Blüthenlese
aus
200
persischen
Dichtern,
Vienna,
1818;
see
DAWLATˆAÚH
SAMARQANDI).
Hammer-Purgstall,
who
was
decorated
with
nineteen
Orders
and
who
personified
orientalism
in
Europe
through
his
relations
with
the
aristocracy
and
the
literati,
crowned
his
career
by
fostering
the
foundation
of
the
Imperial
Academy
of
Sciences
in
1847,
of
which
he
became
the
first
president.
To
his
pupil
Rosenzweig,
professor
at
the
Academy
from
1817
to
1847,
we
owe
Joseph
und
Suleika,
historisch-romantisches
Gedicht
...
des
Mewlana
Abdurrahman
Dschami
(Vienna,
1824;
see
JAÚMI,
MAWLAÚNAÚ);
Auswahl
aus
den
Diwanen
des
größten
mystischen
Dichters
Persiens,
Mewlana
Dschelaleddin
Rumi
(1838);
and
a
translation
of
H®a@fezá,
Der
Diwan
des
gro£en
lyrischen
Dichters
Hafi;s
(1858),
which
is
superior
to
that
by
Hammer-Purgstall.
Vienna
was
becoming
the
most
active
center
for
living
Oriental
languages.
The
Mechitarist
monks,
coming
from
Venice,
founded
an
abbey
in
Vienna;
here
they
developed
a
library
of
Armenian
manuscripts,
which
is
now
second
only
to
Erevan,
and
the
largest
collection
of
Armenian
coins
(catalogued
by
P.
Z.
Bedoukian).
They
established
presses
for
Oriental
languages,
from
which
came,
e.g.,
J.
Markwart,
Skizzen
zur
historischen
Geographie
und
Geschichte
von
Kaukasien
(Vienna,
1928).
Also,
the
kaiserlich-königliche
Hof-und
Staats-Druckerei
became,
under
the
direction
of
Alois
Auer
Ritter
von
Welsbach
(1813-69),
the
most
versatile
press
in
the
German-speaking
area,
with
104
different
typefaces
in
1851.
The
second
Avestan
typeface
(after
the
very
ugly
Berlin
one
of
1825)
was
cast
there
in
1847,
and
Pahlavi
and
Pazand
type
with
all
the
ligatures
were
first
made
there
in
1850.
Other
printing
houses
subsequently
acquired
an
Avestan
typeface,
but
not
a
Pahlavi
one,
so
even
works
published
in
other
countries
had
to
be
printed
in
Vienna
if
they
required
Pahlavi
type.
Among
them
were
most
of
Friedrich
Spiegel's
philological
works
(Huzvâresch-Grammatik,
Leipzig,
1851;
Avesta,
die
heiligen
Bücher
der
Parsen,
zum
ersten
Male
herausgegeben,
Vienna,
Hof-
und
Staatsdrückerei,
1853–55;
Avesta,
die
heiligen
Bücher
der
Parsen,
zum
ersten
Male
übersetzt,
Leipzig,
1863;
Commentar
über
das
Avesta,
Leipzig,
1864–69),
Heinrich
F.
J.
Junker's
The
Frahang
i
Pahlav^k
(Heidelberg,
1912),
and
J.
M.
Unvala's
Neryosangh's
Sanskrit
version
of
the
Ho@m
Yaæt
(Vienna,
1924).
The
state
presses
also
served
as
centers
for
language
teaching
(with
lectures
on
Persian,
Arabic,
Turkish,
or
Sanskrit),
as
Auer
required
typographers
to
know
the
languages
they
set.
The
first
European
scholarly
description
of
Muslim
India
(together
with
Afghanistan)
and
of
Na@der
Shah's
reign
is
owed
to
the
Bozen
[Bolzano]
Jesuit,
Josef
Tieffentaller.
Johann
Philipp
Wesdin,
better
known
under
his
name
as
a
Carmelite,
Paulinus
a
Sancto
Bartholomaeo,
syndic
of
the
Oriental
Missions
in
Rome
and
a
native
of
Hof
in
Lower
Austria
(1748–1806),
wrote
the
first
attempt
to
interpret
the
Brahmanic
religion,
using
J.
F.
Kleuker's
translation
of
the
Avesta.
He
also,
following
Sir
William
Jones'
recognition
of
the
Indo-European
language
family
(1786),
published
the
earliest
list
of
lexical
correspondences
between
Sanskrit,
Avestan,
Latin,
and
Germanic
(1798).
In
an
appendix
he
also
established
that
Avestan
was
not
a
corrupted
form,
as
Jones
had
asserted,
but
a
linguistic
cognate
of
Sanskrit.
Following
in
his
footsteps,
the
Jesuit
Josef
Dobrovsky´
(1753-1829)
compared
Sanskrit
and
Avestan
with
Old
Church
Slavonic
as
early
as
1806.
Delayed
modernization
(1848-1918).
Despite
these
achievements,
by
the
middle
of
the
19th
century
Austrian
Oriental
studies
had
fallen
behind
in
three
respects.
Firstly,
it
remained
belles-lettres
in
the
true
baroque
and
Enlightenment
tradition,
the
foremost
aim
of
which
was
translating
and
popularizing
the
ever-living
treasuries
of
Oriental
poetry
and
wisdom.
Elegant
rendering
took
precedence
over
philological
minuteness
or
erudite
apparatus.
This
practice
earned
Hammer-Purgstall
fame
outside
the
narrow
scholarly
circle
but
also
provoked
criticism
for
inaccuracies.
In
fact,
except
for
the
amateur
linguist
Paulus
a
Sancto
Bartholomaeo,
they
took
absolutely
no
part
in
the
great
archeological
debates
of
the
early
19th
century,
the
controversy
about
the
authenticity
of
the
Avesta
brought
back
by
Anquetil-Duperron,
or
the
decipherment
of
the
Achaemenid
cuneiform
inscriptions
by
Grotefend
(q.v.).
Secondly,
until
the
university
reform
of
Leo
Graf
Thun-Hohenstein
in
the
1850s,
only
the
medieval
Faculties
of
theology,
medecine,
and
law
were
represented
in
the
Austrian
universities,
where
teaching,
but
no
research,
was
allowed.
The
Ph.D.
degree
was
not
introduced
in
Vienna
until
1872.
The
curriculum
of
the
Orientalische
Academie
became
more
technical
and
detached
from
research
after
1848
(even
more
so
after
1898,
when
it
was
reorganized
in
the
k.u.k.
Konsularakademie);
it
no
longer
served
to
satisfy
the
encyclopedic
curiosity
of
aristocrats
and
diplomats
about
the
Orient,
but
rather
to
meet
the
practical
need
for
political
agents.
Elsewhere,
chairs
for
Indology
or
comparative
linguistics
were
created—at
the
Colleàge
de
France
and
in
Bonn
(1818,
the
latter
for
August
Wilhelm
von
Schlegel),
in
Berlin
(1821,
for
Franz
Bopp),
and
in
Oxford
(1833).
(Von
Schlegel's
brother
Friedrich,
likewise
an
Indologist
and
one
of
the
founders
of
Comparative
Grammar—a
term
he
introduced—was
a
Chancellery
secretary
in
Vienna.
He
continued
to
lecture
into
the
1820s
but
soon
ceased
to
keep
up
with
the
progress
of
Indology.)
Learned
societies
were
founded—the
Royal
Asiatic
Society
of
Bengal
(1780),
the
Socie‚te‚
Asiatique
(1822),
and
the
Deutsche
Morgenländische
Gesellschaft
in
Leipzig
(1845).
Such
developments
prompted
no
response
in
Austria.
The
Professor
for
Protestant
Theology
Johann
Georg
Wenrich
(1787–1847)
tried
to
echo
Rasmus
Rask
and
Bopp,
but
his
Commentatio
of
1827
is
but
a
(well-informed)
compilation
of
all
hitherto
published
works
and
remained
isolated
and
unnoticed.
Wenrich
set
up
a
course
in
Sanskrit
as
early
as
1825,
but
it
attracted
no
student.
Thirdly,
between
1850
and
1885
a
new
paradigm
emerged
in
all
the
historical
sciences
(excluding
the
classics),
of
which
the
neogrammarian
revolution
in
linguistics
is
only
one,
albeit
the
most
conspicuous,
manifestation.
This
paradigm
can
be
summarized
as
a
plea
for
a
scientific
methodology
in
the
human
sciences,
contrary
to
the
earlier
antiquarian
spirit,
and
it
called
for
literary
and
scholarly
studies
to
be
kept
separate
(pace
Friedrich
Rückert).
To
describe
its
process,
the
term
"analytic
idealism"
is
perhaps
the
most
appropriate.
That
is,
each
piece
of
evidence
was
to
be
clearly
dated
and
located,
made
to
testify
to
only
its
own
time
and
place.
This
procedure
leads
to
the
definition
of
distinct,
and
supposedly
homogenous,
stages;
these
can
be
rationally
described
and
related
to
the
adjacent,
earlier
and
later
stages
by
application
of
abstract,
logical
principles.
Accordingly,
uchronic
and
diatopic
typologies
(in
Alexander
von
Humboldt's
manner)
were
discarded,
and
each
field
began
to
be
split
according
to
linguistic
or
chronological
criteria.
As
a
result,
Old
and
Middle
Iranian
(and
sometimes
New
Eastern
Iranian
too)
became
(and
remain
today)
mostly
the
domain
of
Indo-Europeanists,
since
the
Old
Iranian
languages
constitute
one
of
the
branches
of
Indo-European;
whereas
Persian
was
subsumed
under
Oriental
studies
along
with
Semitic
languages
and
Turkic.
The
dawn
of
this
movement
for
Iranian
studies
may
be
found
in
Theodor
Benfey's
review
of
Hermann
Brockhaus's
Vendidad
and
Friedrich
Spiegel's
Avesta
(Göttingische
Gelehrte
Anzeigen,
1850,
pp.
1193–1236;
1852,
pp.
1953–76;
and
1853,
pp.
57–93),
in
which
Benfey
inaugurated
what
might
be
called
the
"Vedizing
School"
along
with
Rudolf
von
Roth
and
Martin
Haug.
The
movement
manifested
itself
in
the
growing
suspicion
of
local
traditions,
in
the
endeavor
to
distinguish
(and
in
certain
cases
to
over-distinguish)
different
layers
in
a
building
or
a
text,
and
in
the
predilection
for
the
oldest
monuments
rather
than
for
younger
ones,
even
when
the
latter
were
better
preserved
or
more
attractive.
All
this
led
to
a
race
to
discover
and
secure
the
oldest
testimonia.
The
new
paradigm,
having
originated
in
Germany,
was
slow
in
reaching
the
Dual
Monarchy,
especially
the
University
of
Vienna.
Four
illustrations
are
worth
citing.
(1)
Although
supported
by
Hammer-Purgstall
and
Alexander
von
Humboldt,
Theodor
Benfey's
nomination
to
the
professorship
of
comparative
linguistics
was
refused
by
the
Ministry
of
Culture
in
1849,
while
Anton
Boller
(1811-69),
whose
most
durable
contribution
remains
the
connection
of
Japanese
with
Mongolian
and
Turkic,
was
eventually
appointed
as
Extraordinarius
(associate
professor)
in
June
1850
and
as
Ordinarius
in
1855.
(2)
Austria-Hungary,
the
Netherlands,
Belgium,
Italy,
and
Spain
were
the
few
Western
countries
that
did
not
send
any
expeditions
to
Central
Asia
and
the
Turfan
Basin,
except
for
a
geological
one
under
Dr.
A.
Regel;
the
Budapest-born
Marc
Aurel
Stein
traveled
on
behalf
of
the
British
Government
of
India.
(3)
No
archeological
institute
was
established,
nor
were
excavations
undertaken
in
Syria,
Mesopotamia,
or
Persia.
(4)
At
the
end
of
the
Monarchy
the
Museum
of
Fine
Arts
in
Vienna
(Kunsthistorisches
Museum)
owned
only
4,000
coins.
In
comparison,
despite
shortage
of
resources,
the
Republic
of
Austria
has,
since
1918,
purchased
twice
as
many,
notably
the
collection
of
E.
von
Zambaur
in
1928.
Up
to
1900,
most
of
the
Viennese
professors
who
taught
or
published
on
Iranian
topics
remained
polymaths
rather
than
historians
or
comparative
linguists
in
the
new
sense;
Bed¸ich
Hrozn´y
complained
of
not
having
found
a
competent
teacher
in
Vienna,
and
Th.
Nöldeke
deemed
his
Viennese
sojourn
(1854–57)
unfruitful.
Nöldeke
was
nevertheless
elected
corresponding
fellow
of
the
Academy
in
1887,
and
he
published
in
its
Sitzungsberichte—e.g.,
Persische
Studien
on
Greek
loanwords
in
New
Persian,
an
edition
of
the
Alexander
Romance,
and
a
Syriac
history
of
the
last
Sasanian
kings
(590-642
CE)
written
ca.
680
(now
known
as
the
Khuzistan
Chronicle;
Baumstark,
p.
207
and
n.
11).
Boller's
successor
was
the
universal
linguist
Friedrich
Müller
(1834-97),
who
wholly
rejected
the
neogrammarian
method
(see,
e.g.,
his
review
of
Paul
Horn's
Grundri£
der
neupersischen
Etymologie
in
WZKM
7,
1894,
p.
189).
Thus
his
earlier
contributions
are
more
useable
than
his
later
works,
in
which
antiquated
theories
often
persisted.
Good
examples
are
his
"Über
die
Stellung
des
Armenischen
im
Kreise
der
indogermanischen
Sprachen"
(Sitzungsberichte
der
Kaiserlichen
Akademie
der
Wissenschaften,
Phil.-hist.
Classe
[SKAW]
84,
1877,
pp.
211-32),
which
criticizes
H.
Hübschmann's
separation
of
Armenian
from
Iranian
languages,
and
"Die
semitischen
Elemente
der
Pahlawi-Sprache"
(SKAW
136/10,
1897,
p.
3)
against
Spiegel's
and
Nöldeke's
interpretation
of
the
Semitic
words
in
Pahlavi
texts
as
ideograms
and
against
the
neogrammarians.
Another
universal
scholar
(now
fallen
into
oblivion)
was
the
professor
of
history
Maximilian
Büdinger
(1828–1902),
who
published
studies
on
the
Medes
and
Cyrus
as
well
as
on
La
Fayette
and
Columbus.
This
state
of
affairs
did
not
have
exclusively
negative
results.
The
Austrian
"backwardness"
manifested
itself
in
research
directions
which
the
new
paradigm
neglected
and
which
became
fashionable
only
later—unwritten
and
modern
languages,
Trümmersprachen
(extinct
languages
known
only
through
fragmentary
or
secondary
evidence),
toponymy,
decorative
arts,
applied
sciences,
and
contemporary
studies.
Five
main
research
directions
can
be
noted.
(1)
Political
sciences.
Ottokar
Freiherr
Schlechta
von
Wssehrd
(1825-94),
dragoman
and
diplomat,
in
addition
to
producing
translations
in
Hammer-Purgstall's
tradition,
studied
the
juridical
and
political
issues
of
Oriental
countries
and
published
terminological
dictionaries.
(2)
Geography.
Wilhelm
Tomaschek
(1841-1901),
professor
of
geography
in
Graz
and
later
in
Vienna,
broke
new
ground
in
the
toponymics
and
historical
ethnography
of
Central
Asia
and
southern
Siberia,
which
he
never
visited.
His
Centralasiatische
Studien
comprises
a
toponymical
survey
of
Sogdiana,
which
still
retains
its
value
despite
the
rough
method,
and
a
similarly
useful
analogical
glossary
of
the
Pamir
languages.
Most
of
his
intuitions
concerning
Alexander's
path
in
eastern
Iran
have
proved
more
exact
than
have
linguistically
more
elaborate
proposals;
and,
however
flawed
his
studies
about
the
Scythians
may
be,
they
nevertheless
gave
impetus
to
further
research
for
some
fifty
years.
(3)
Art
and
technology.
Out
of
commercial
desire
for
Persian
wares
(especially
carpets)
came
the
creation
of
the
Orientalisches
Museum
in
1875
(after
1896
called
Kaiserlich-königliches
Handelsmuseum),
the
Hochschule
für
Welthandel–Lehranstalt
für
orientalische
Sprachen
(where,
for
instance,
Jerzy
Kury¬owicz
studied
in
1912-14
and
1919-20),
and
the
Österreichische
Orient-und
Überseegesellschaft
(1875-1918).
In
the
organ
of
the
Überseegesellschaft,
entitled
Österreichische
Monatsschrift
für
den
Orient,
Josef
Ritter
von
Karaba±ek,
M.
Haberlandt,
and
Moritz
Dreger
published
articles
on
Persian
art,
and
Alois
Riegl
(1858–1905)
his
earliest
book.
Riegl's
interest
in
even
minor
arts,
and
in
functional
architecture
to
the
extent
that
they
reveal
the
spirit
of
a
civilization,
was
shared
by
Josef
Strzygowski
(1862-1941),
who
tried
to
assert
a
Sasanian
(via
Armenia)
and
Central
Asiatic
impulse
in
the
birth
of
Romanesque
art.
The
studies
of
J.
von
Wiesner
(1838-1916)
on
Persian
textiles
and
Central
Asian
paper
remained
unequalled
up
to
the
1960s.
Emanuel
Graf
Ludolf
(1823-98)
gathered
an
Oriental
art
collection,
which
is
now
kept
in
the
Francisco-Carolinum
Museum
in
Linz.
(4)
Natural
history.
Apart
from
the
universities,
the
various
educational,
diplomatic,
and
military
missions
to
Persia
gave
rise
to
fieldwork.
Theodor
Kotschy
(1813-66)
brought
back
from
his
travel
(1835–43,
partly
with
J.
Russegger)
300,000
botanical
specimens,
including
many
types
now
in
the
Natural
History
Museum.
The
role
of
Austrian
subjects
in
the
creation
of
the
Da@r-al-fonun
(q.v.)
in
1852
or
in
the
development
of
Tehran
in
1869–74
fall
beyond
the
scope
of
the
present
survey,
but
their
reports
deserve
mentioning:
August
K¸í‘
(often
written
Kr‘i‘;
1814-86)
drew
the
first
maps
of
Tehran
and
of
the
Alborz
(q.v.)
range
and
subsequently
studied
the
indigenous
astrolabe.
Jacob
Eduard
Polak
(1818-91),
who
introduced
modern
medicine
in
Iran,
discovered
fossil
deposits
in
Azerbaijan
and
led
an
expedition
across
the
Alborz
in
1882.
He
also
wrote
a
travel
account,
which
contains
excellent
descriptions
of
Persian
life
and
customs.
Later
botanical
surveys
were
carried
out
by
J.
A.
Knapp,
Otto
Stapf,
and
F.
Nabelek
(1909-10),
geological
ones
by
E.
Tietze,
H.
Pöhlig,
A.
Rodler,
and
Carl
Ludolf
Griesbach.
A
zoological
survey
was
carried
out
by
the
ichthyologist
V.
Pietsmann.
At
a
time
when
urbanism
was
not
acknowledged
as
a
scholarly
discipline,
Ernst
Diez,
shortly
before
World
War
I,
completed
a
survey
of
Khorasan
province,
which
thus
far
had
been
poorly
documented;
he
published
his
work
subsequently
as
Iranische
Kunst
(Vienna,
1944).
(5)
Cultural
studies.
Pastoral
care
or
proselytism
in
modern
Iran,
with
its
social,
but
also
cultural,
issues,
remains
on
the
agenda
of
the
Missionshaus
St.
Gabriel
in
Mödling;
founded
in
1889,
it
houses
a
rich
library.
It
formerly
published
the
anthropological
journal
Anthropos,
which
moved
to
Posieux,
Switzerland,
in
1938.
Nevertheless,
the
ministers
of
education
and
the
Council
of
the
University
Professors
felt
committed
to
closing
the
gap
between
Austria-Hungary
and
Germany,
and
they
endowed
autonomous
institutes
for
each
discipline.
At
the
University
of
Vienna,
the
Oriental
Institute
was
founded
in
1886;
and
one
year
later
it
began
publication
of
the
journal
Wiener
Zeitschrift
für
die
Kunde
des
Morgenlandes
(WZKM).
The
Institute
for
Linguistics
was
established
in
1923.
In
addition
to
these
measures,
German
professors
were
hired.
Thus
Eduard
Sachau
(1845-1930)
succeeded
Goldenthal
in
the
chair
for
Oriental
languages
in
1869.
Although
he
left
for
Berlin
in
1876,
his
Viennese
researches
demonstrated
how
much
light
might
be
shed
on
Iran
by
using
the
sources
from
neighboring
cultures.
In
"Neue
Beiträge
zur
Kenntnis
der
zoroastrischen
Literatur"
he
published
fragments
of
Avestan
in
Arabic
script;
his
expertise
in
Arabic
sources
bore
fruit
in
his
still
authoritative
Chronologie
orientalischer
Völker
von
Albîrûnî
(Leipzig,
1876;
English
tr.
The
Chronology
of
Ancient
Nations,
London,
1879)
and
in
his
"Zur
Geschichte
und
Chronologie
von
Khwarizm";
and
he
undertook
the
scientific
edition
of
the
Christian
Syriac
law
texts
in
Syrische
Rechtsbücher
(Berlin,
1907-14),
which
remains
irreplaceable
for
the
laws
compiled
in
the
Sasanian
empire
(for
the
Byzantine
tradition
see
now
W.
Selb
and
H.
Kaufhold,
Das
syrisch-römische
Rechtsbuch,
Vienna,
2002).
Friedrich
Müller
was
succeeded
in
comparative
linguistics
by
the
Berliner
Paul
Kretschmer
(professor,
1898-1938).
The
professor
for
Roman
law
Paul
Koschaker
(1879–1951)
turned,
under
the
influence
of
Hugo
Winckler
and
Nikolaus
Rhodokanakis,
to
Mesopotamian
and
Elamite
law
during
his
stays
in
Graz
(1905-08),
Innsbruck
(1908-09),
and
Prague
(1909-14).
Alois
Musil
(1868-1944,
cousin
of
the
litterateur
Robert
Musil)
was
professor
of
biblical
auxiliary
sciences
and
Arabic
at
the
Catholic
Theological
Faculty,
1909-18,
and,
after
World
War
I,
professor
in
Prague;
he
is
mainly
known
for
his
Omayyad
excavations,
but
he
also
studied
medieval
and
modern
Iran.
In
other
universities
of
the
Austrian
empire
the
German
model
was
introduced
generally
earlier
and
more
easily.
In
Graz,
the
first
professor
for
comparative
linguistics
(1871-77)
was
Johannes
Schmidt,
the
co-editor
of
the
leading
journal
Zeitschrift
für
vergleichende
Sprachforschung.
His
successors
Gustav
Meyer
(1877-97)
and
Gustav
Meringer
(1898-1930)
were
not
particularly
interested
in
Iranology,
but
in
1902
a
professorship
for
"Orientalische
Philologie,
Arische
Abteilung"
was
created
for
Johann
Kirste
(assistant
professor
1895-1920),
a
Pahlavi
paleographer
who
held
fast
to
some
unlucky
asseverations
of
his
master
Friedrich
Müller,
such
as
the
phonetic
value
/r/
for
the
Bactrian
letter
taken
from
Greek
aspirate
rho
(which
actually
is
Bactrian
/æ/)
or
the
interpretation
of
the
Semitic
ideograms
in
Pahlavi
as
loanwords.
In
Prague
the
Indo-Europeanist
Georg
Curtius
was
invited
as
early
as
1845,
followed
in
1850
by
the
equally
famous
August
Schleicher,
who,
however,
felt
himself
uncomfortable
in
the
neo-absolutist
"Bach
System"
and
the
devout
Catholic
ambience;
after
him
came
Alfred
Ludwig
(1832–1912;
associate
professor
1860,
professor
1871–99),
who
earned
fame
for
his
translation
of
the
Rig
Veda,
but
also
studied
the
Avesta,
Baluchi
(Balo@±^)
epics,
and
Pashto.
In
1877
and
1879
were
appointed
the
first
Privatdozents
(unpaid
professors)—respectively,
Max
Grünert
(1849–1929,
for
whom
a
professorship
was
created
in
1886)
and
Jaromír
B¸etislav
Koæut
(b.
1854,
d.
1880).
Grünert
defined
himself
as
a
"schoolmaster"
and
wrote
a
successful
Neu-Persische
Chrestomathie
(Prague,
1881);
Koæut's
published
Nachla£
included
a
rendition
and
a
study
of
H®a@fezá.
After
the
division
of
the
Ferdinand-Charles
University
into
a
German
university
and
a
Czech
one
in
1882,
Grünert
stayed
in
the
former;
and
Rudolf
Dvo¸a‚k
(1860-1920)
was
appointed
as
assistant
professor
at
the
latter
in
1884
(in
1896,
professor).
Dvo¸a‚k
was
primarily
an
Arabist,
but
he
published
a
study
of
the
Persian
loanwords
in
the
Koran
(SKAW
118/4,
1889,
pp.
481-562)
and
fine
translations
of
Persian
poetry
in
Czech.
His
students
were
Jaromir
Borecky,
Jindrich
Endlicher,
and
Jan
Rypka,
who
similarly
devoted
themselves
to
New
Persian
literary
history.
In
Cracow,
Jan
Hanusz's
(1858–87)
untimely
death
delayed
the
creation
of
a
chair
for
comparative
and
Sanskrit
studies
until
1894,
when
it
was
assumed
by
Jan
Baudouin
de
Courtenay
(1845-1929).
This
great
linguist
did
not
publish
on
Iranian
languages
and
resigned
in
1900
in
favor
of
a
call
to
St.
Petersburg.
His
successor
was
Johannes
von
(Jan)
Rozwadowski
(1867–1935),
whose
researches
on
Iranian
languages
appeared
from
1914
onward
in
the
journal
he
had
co-founded,
Rocznik
Orjentalistyczny.
Working
at
the
same
time
was
the
first
Cracovian
orientalist,
Tadeusz
Kowalski
(1889–1948).
The
Iranologist
Hans
Reichelt
(1877–1939),
author
of
the
Awestisches
Elementarbuch,
held
the
chair
of
comparative
linguistics
at
the
University
of
Czernowitz
(endowed
1875)
from
1911
to
1919.
In
Hungary,
Oriental
studies
developed
in
a
different
perspective.
Since
the
time
of
the
Byzantine
historiographers,
the
origins
of
the
Hungarians
had
been
ascribed
to
the
Huns
and
the
Turks.
This
view,
based
on
history
rather
than
on
linguistics,
was
adopted
by
Joseph
Deguignes
(Histoire
des
Huns,
et
des
peuples
qui
en
sont
sortis,
Paris,
1751;
Histoire
ge‚ne‚rale
des
Huns
...
jusquaà
present,
Paris,
1756-58)
and
by
the
first
Privatdozent
in
Oriental
languages
at
the
University
of
Budapest,
Johann
Repiczky
(lived
1817–1855);
it
remained
commonplace
in
Hungary
until
J.
Budenz.
Thus
Turkology
and
Central
Asian
studies,
not
Indo-European
studies,
benefited
from
the
Romantic,
passionate
search
for
national
antiquities,
whilst
Iranology
was
not
deemed
worthy
of
a
separate
professorship
before
1946,
when
it
was
created
for
Sigismund
Telegdi.
The
quest
for
the
ancestral
fatherland
led
Alexander
Cso‚ma
de
Korös
to
the
Himalayas
in
1823-30.
The
same
urge
took
A´rmín
Va‚mbe‚ry
(Hermann
Wamberger
1831–1913),
disguised
as
a
dervish,
to
Bukhara
and
Samarkand
(1863-64),
the
first
European
scholar
after
the
Russian
spy
Alexandre
Demaisons
to
visit
these
cities.
He
brought
back
with
him
the
New
Persian
and
Turkic
manuscripts
collected
by
Daniel
Szila‚gyi,
one
of
H.
L.
Kossuth's
fellow
exiles.
In
1865,
Va‚mbe‚ry
procured
a
position
as
teacher
at
the
university,
and
he
held
a
professorship
from
1870
to
1905.
His
popular
geographic
descriptions
enjoyed
the
greatest
success,
but
his
Geschichte
Bocharas
oder
Transoxaniens
(Stuttgart,
1872)
is
not
reliable.
He
came
from
a
very
poor
family
and
remained
a
lifelong
autodidact
more
apt
at
discovering
the
Orient
and
at
evoking
it
empathically
than
at
studying
it
scientifically.
J.
Neme‚th,
whose
contributions
to
Iranian
studies
came
after
the
war,
filled
his
vacant
chair
only
in
1915.
Eventually,
Austria-Hungary
had
its
share
in
the
publication
of
Old
and
Middle
Iranian
primary
sources.
Karl
W.
Geldner's
(q.v.)
edition
of
the
Avesta
(Avesta.
Die
heiligen
Bücher
der
Parsen,
3
vols.,
Stuttgart,
1886–95)
was
commissioned
by
the
Kaiserliche
Akademie
der
Wissenschaften
zu
Wien
following
the
recommendation
of
Sachau
and
Fr.
Müller.
Josef
von
Karaba±ek
became
keenly
aware
of
the
chance
discovery
in
1877-78
of
papyri
in
dump
tumuli
near
Arsinoë
in
the
Fayum.
The
carpet-dealer
Theodor
Graf
facilitated
the
purchase
of
a
substantial
part
of
them
by
Archduke
Rainer,
who
made
a
gift
of
them
to
the
Emperor
Franz
Josef
(r.
1848-1916)
in
1899,
and
so
they
entered
the
Hofbibliothek.
These
papyri
date
from
the
7th-8th
centuries
and
constitute
a
rich
collection
of
early
Arabic
texts.
The
archive
also
contains
some
papyri
in
Middle
Persian,
dating
from
the
Sasanian
occupation
(619-29).
Of
this
group,
580
(not
463,
as
Hansen,
1938,
p.
10,
gave
erroneously)
were
kept
in
Vienna
(fully
catalogued;
see
Weber,
1984,
p.
27);
66
were
acquired
by
the
Prussian
consul
Travers
and
are
preserved
in
Berlin;
17
went
to
St.
Petersburg,
6
to
Straßburg
(present-day
Strasbourg),
1
to
Göttingen,
7
to
Oxford,
and
20
to
Philadelphia.
Unfortunately,
in
1937
the
Vienna
collection
was
entrusted
for
restoration
to
H.
Ibscher
in
Berlin,
where
it
shared
(unduly)
the
fate
of
the
Prussian
estates
in
1945
and
was
transferred
as
war
booty
to
St.
Petersburg
(then
Leningrad),
where
it
still
awaits
publication.
All
attempts
to
negotiate
the
return
of
the
papyri
have
so
far
proved
in
vain.
Only
30
fragments,
which
resurfaced
in
Berlin
in
1963,
were
handled
back
to
Vienna
in
1981.
Thus
the
Papyrussammlung
owns
now
21
papyri,
8
parchments
(including
3
bilingual),
and
1
leather
document.
Brilliant
individuals
but
disrupted
development
(1919–65).
The
post-World
War
I
period
witnessed
grave
difficulties,
and
the
disintegration
of
the
Austro-Hungarian
empire
scattered
the
academic
network.
The
Republic
of
Austria
inherited
only
three
universities—Vienna,
Graz,
and
Innsbruck.
Nevertheless,
three
eminent
Iranologists
were
active
between
the
two
world
wars:
Bernhard
Geiger
(q.v.),
Hans
Reichelt,
and
Paul
Tedesco.
At
the
University
of
Vienna,
Geiger
was
appointed
as
successor
of
Leopold
von
Schroeder
in
1920.
His
scholarly
output
was
irreproachable
but
spare.
Iranology
did
not
thrive
in
Vienna;
of
185
Ph.D.
degrees
awarded
in
the
Oriental
Institute
from
1873
to
1938,
only
20
had
Iranology
or
"Arisch"
(i.e.,
Indo-Iranian)
as
major
or
minor
subject,
while
there
were
39
in
"Ägyptologie"
or
"Afrikanistik,"
and
110
in
Semitic
philology
(excluding
cuneiform
studies).
It
was
not
Geiger's
fault;
between
1923
and
1939,
he
examined
eleven
Ph.D.
dissertations,
almost
matching
the
12
directed
by
the
Egyptologist
W.
Czermak.
However,
he
inherited
no
tradition,
worked
in
isolation,
and
did
not
exploit
the
Rainer
papyri.
Only
one
of
his
pupils
took
up
an
academic
career
(another,
the
ethnologist
Robert
Bleichsteiner
[1891–1954],
who
earned
his
Ph.D.
in
1920
with
a
thesis
on
the
ˆa@h-na@ma
of
Ferdowsi,
had
been
supervised
by
Schroeder).
That
was
Paul
Tedesco,
who
during
his
Viennese
years
published
classics
in
Middle
Iranian
studies.
In
1921,
he
proved
that
the
two
orthographies
used
in
the
Iranian
Manichean
texts
actually
represented
dialectal
variation
between
Middle
Persian
and
Northwest
Iranian
(i.e.,
Parthian);
he
also
reconstructed
the
verbal
endings
of
Middle
and
New
Iranian
languages,
identifying
the
interchange
of
-a-
and
-aya-stems;
and
his
1926
assessment
of
nominal
endings
in
Sogdian
and
Khotanese
remains
valid
despite
having
been
based
on
the
meager
evidence
available
at
that
time.
It
is
still
unique
in
being
founded
on
exhaustive
and
sorted
philological
data,
which
enabled
him
to
define
the
Sogdian
"Rhythmic
Law"
that
governs
the
whole
morphology
of
that
language.
However,
he
procured
no
position
and
had
to
earn
his
living
as
a
secondary
school
teacher.
In
1938,
after
the
"Anschluß"
of
Austria
to
Hitler's
Germany,
both
Geiger
and
Tedesco
were
dismissed
for
being
Jews
and
left
for
the
Asia
Institute
of
Columbia
University
in
New
York,
and
later
for
Yale
(Otto
J.
Maenchen-Helfen
[1894-1969],
a
specialist
in
Central
Asian
studies,
underwent
the
same
exile).
Geiger
was
replaced
by
the
Indologist
(and
National
Socialist)
Erich
Frauwallner.
Once
again
Iranology
was
partitioned,
in
keeping
with
German
tradition,
between
scholars
of
Oriental
studies
and
those
of
comparative
linguistics.
Thus,
Herbert
W.
Duda
(1900-75),
professor
of
Turkic
and
Islamic
studies
from
1943
to
1971,
published
a
New
Persian
text
on
Saljuq
history
(Die
Seldjukengeschichte
des
Ibn
Bib^,
Copenhagen,
1957).
After
his
retirement
and
the
short
professorship
of
Berthold
Spuler
(1971-73),
the
chair
was
transferred
to
the
Turcologist
A.
Tietze,
and
Persian
disappeared
as
a
major
from
the
Oriental
curriculum.
When
in
1964
the
former
k.u.k.
Konsularische
Akademie,
became
the
Diplomatische
Akademie,
the
two-century
old
course
in
New
Persian
similarly
was
discontinued.
From
1921
to
1930,
Georg
Hüsing
(1869–1930),
a
student
of
Spiegel
and
Andreas,
held
a
professorship
of
History
of
the
Ancient
East
and
Iran
(he
had
been
Privatdozent
since
1912).
His
contributions
to
the
(pre)history
of
Mazdaism
are,
like
most
others
in
that
period,
vitiated
by
the
Andreas
theory
(see
ANDREAS
iii.);
they
appeared
bold
even
to
contemporaries
in
their
explicit
rejection
of
Bartholomae.
Hüsing
was
more
successful
in
interpreting
Middle
Elamite
(although
somewhat
misled
by
his
belief
that
Elamite
was
a
Caucasian
language)
and
in
editing
all
Elamite
texts
available
to
him.
His
student
Franz
Wilhelm
König
(1897–1972)
wrote
extensively
on
Achaemenid
history
and
authored,
in
a
forty-year
period,
two
editions
of
the
Middle
Elamite
corpus
(the
second
one
is
still
authoritative).
Severely
wounded
during
World
War
I,
he
only
taught
for
a
few
years
at
the
university
(as
Privatdozent
in
the
history
of
the
ancient
Middle
East,
1931-39,
professor,
1948-51).
He
bequeathed
his
own
translation
of
the
Avesta
to
the
Austrian
National
Library.
The
Iranological
tradition
in
Graz
was
admirably
perpetuated
by
Hans
Reichelt
(1920-26
as
professor
of
Indo-Iranian,
Kirste's
successor,
and
1930-39
as
professor
of
Indo-European
and
Indo-Iranian,
succeeding
Meringer).
Among
his
works,
two
studies
stand
out
and
are
still
highly
useful:
Die
soghdischen
Handschriften
des
Britischen
Museums
(Heidelberg,
1928-31)
and
"Iranisch"(in
Grundri£
der
indogermanischen
Sprach-und
Altertumskunde,
II.
Die
Erforschung
der
indogermanischen
Sprachen
IV/2,
Leipzig,
1927,
pp.
1-84).
Reichelt
also
connected
the
Sogdian
potential
verb
construction
of
kar-/£w-
+
the
past
passive
participle
with
a
feature
of
the
living
Ya©no@b^
language,
which
had
been
discovered
by
H.
C.
Salemann
in
1913,
with
Old
Pers.
ditam
±axriya@,
and
with
Khotanese
(parallels
exist
in
Balo@±^
too,
but
not
in
Avestan
pace
Reichelt).
His
successor
was
Wilhelm
Brandenstein
(1898–1967,
professor
from
1941
to
1967);
in
addition
to
Elamite
studies,
in
1958
he
and
his
former
student
Manfred
Mayrhofer
published
an
esteemed
handbook
on
Old
Persian
grammar
(German
revised
edition,
1964).
Another
noteworthy
pupil
of
Reichelt
was
the
historian
of
religion
Alois
Closs
(1893–1984).
Private
scholars
at
Graz
included
Fridrich
von
Suhtschek-Hauschka
(1863-1944),
who
published
four
articles
between
1928
and
1932
in
which
he
attempted
to
prove
the
idea
(already
proposed
in
1864
by
Gustav
Oppert
and
possibly
containing
some
truth)
that
Wolfram
von
Eschenbach
had
resorted
to
Iranian
Manichean
sources
for
his
Parsifal.
However,
gross
exaggerations
and
hazardous
etymologies
discredited
his
attempt
(cf.
Reichelt's
review
in
WZKM
11,
1933,
pp.
37-49),
so
that
his
opus
magnum
Parsiwal
found
no
publisher
and
ended
up
in
the
University
Library
in
Graz
(Slaje,
1989).
Another
such
scholar
was
Uto
Melzer
Edler
von
Tapferheim
(1881–1961),
who,
besides
some
articles
which
refurbished
Kirste's
ideas
and
received
a
cool
response,
left
to
the
university
library
his
own
translations
(e.g.,
Na@ser-e
K_osrow's
Safar-na@ma,
published
in
1993).
He
also
left
two
unpublished
dictionaries,
one
for
New
Persian,
the
other
for
Middle
Persian,
which,
although
uncritical,
are
probably
the
most
complete
extant
in
a
Western
language
(cf.
El
Zarka
and
Scheucher).
Fieldwork
also
was
resumed
in
the
period
between
the
two
World
Wars,
notably
by
Alfons
Gabriel
(1927,
1933,
1937;
he
collected
numerous
specimens
of
desert
fauna),
Hans
Strasser,
M.D.
(1935,
1961,
1963-66;
he
made
a
few
Balo@±^,
New
Persian,
and
also
Sanskrit,
Bengali,
Syriac,
and
Turkish
recordings,
now
in
the
Phonogrammarchiv),
Reinhold
Löffl;er
(ethnology),
K.-H.
Rechinger
(1937-67,
d.
1998;
he
initiated
the
publication
of
Flora
Iranica
beginning
in
1963),
Franz
Kasy
(1962,
lepidopterology),
H.
M.
Steiner
(amphibiology),
Helmut
Flügel
and
Othmar
Friedrich
(geology).
A
long
series
of
limnological
expeditions
since
1949
have
also
appeared
in
print
(Ferdinand
Starmühlner,
Heinz
Löffl;er).
The
geologist
Anton
Ruttner
mapped
Iran
with
the
help
of
his
wife,
and
Otto
Thiele
and
Herwig
Holzer
worked
at
the
Geological
Survey
Institute
in
Tehran.
Eminent
geographers
have
been
the
Viennese
professors
Gustav
Stratil-Sauer
(1894-1975;
holder
of
the
chair
of
human
geography
1955-62),
who
traveled
to
Afghanistan
by
motorcycle
in
1924,
and
Hans
Bobek
(1903-90;
professor
for
physical
geography
1951-71),
who
launched
six
expeditions
to
Iran
between
1934
and
1978.
More
recently,
Hans
Pozdena
and
Martin
Seger
worked
for
some
time
in
Tehran.
By
the
end
of
the
1960s,
Iranian
studies
was
falling
into
abeyance
in
Austria
and
undergoing
a
progressive
deinstitutionalization.
The
great
development
of
numismatics
arose
from
a
private
initiative,
as
Robert
Göbl
(1919-97),
who
worked
in
the
auction
house
Dorotheum
between
1953
and
1962,
catalogued
the
Kushan
and
Hephthalite
coins
and
seals.
Even
if
his
earliest
readings
and
absolute
chronologies
have
lost
ground,
they
for
the
first
time
set
the
subject
in
a
scientific
and
systematic
light.
His
catalogue
of
the
Kushan
coins
is
authoritative.
The
anthropologist
Karl
Jettmar
(b.
1918)
submitted
his
Ph.D.
dissertation
in
Vienna
in
1941.
Acting
as
scientific
member
of
the
mountaineering
Österreichische
Himalaya-Expedition,
in
1958
he
discovered
at
Danyor
one
of
the
first
of
the
inscriptions
to
be
found
on
the
Upper
Indus,
which
have
proved
a
treasure
trove
for
Prakrit,
Sanskrit,
and
Sogdian
alike;
he
began
the
publication
of
the
inscriptional
material
in
1978
(both
this
epigraphic
enterprise
and
his
fieldwork
on
the
Kafirs
were
carried
out
under
the
aegis
of
the
University
and
the
Academy
of
Heidelberg).
Another
Iranologist
active
outside
Austrian
academic
circles
is
Cardinal
Franz
König
(b.
1905),
archbishop
of
Vienna
1956-85,
whose
publications
(from
his
Ph.D.
thesis
at
the
Gregorian
University
in
Rome,
Die
Am™æa
Sp™ntas
im
Awesta
und
die
Erzengel
im
Alten
Testament,
to
Zarathushtras
Jenseitsglaube
und
das
Alte
Testament,
1964)
concentrate
on
the
Iranian
influence
upon
Judaism.
The
modern
situation
(since
1965).
Since
1974,
the
Oriental
and
Indian
Institutes
of
the
University
of
Vienna
have
made
do
with
lecturers
in
New
Persian;
a
practical
initiation
into
Persia's
language
and
culture
is
also
available
of
at
the
Orient-Akademie
Hammer-Purgstall
(created
in
1958).
Conversely,
Vienna
has
become,
for
the
first
time,
a
major
center
for
pre-Islamic
Iranian
studies,
mainly
due
to
the
organizing
efforts
of
Manfred
Mayrhofer
(b.
1926)
and
Robert
Göbl.
The
Institute
for
Linguistics,
which
has
published
the
scholarly
journal
Die
Sprache
since
1949,
has
remained
a
leading
facility
for
Indo-Iranian
studies
under
the
professorship
of
Mayrhofer
(1966–89),
Jochem
Schindler
(lived
1944–94;
professor,
1987-94),
and
Heiner
Eichner
(since
1989).
Mayrhofer's
etymological
dictionaries
of
Indic
are
of
paramount
importance
for
Iranian
(the
evidence
of
which
is
always
sifted);
Schindler's
articles
have
shown
how
far-reaching
inferences
concerning
the
reconstruction
of
Indo-European
may
be
drawn
from
nugae
philologicae
Avesticae.
Amongst
his
students,
Chlodwig
Werba
habilitated
in
Indo-Iranian
Linguistics
(1997),
and
Agnes
Korn
in
2003
submitted
a
Ph.D.
dissertation
to
the
University
of
Frankfurt,
entitled
Towards
a
Historical
Grammar
of
Balochi:
Studies
in
Balochi
Historical
Phonology
and
Vocabulary.
The
chairs
for
Indo-European
in
Salzburg
(O.
Panagl,
T.
Krisch),
Innsbruck
(H.
Schmeja,
Privatdozent
1967,
assistant
professor
1975-94)
and
Graz
(rendered
dormant
in
2003;
H.
Mittelberger,
professor
1971-2003;
his
student
Manfred
Hutter,
assistant
professor
1991–2000),
also
provide
lectures
in
Old
and
Middle
Iranian.
Manfred
Hutter
(D.D.,
Ph.D.)
engaged
in
research
on
the
contacts
between
Mesopotamia,
Judaism,
the
Aramaeans,
and
Iran
with
special
regard
to
Manicheism,
but
he
left
for
Bonn
in
2000.
The
Grazer
professor
for
classics,
Franz
Ferdinand
Schwarz,
has
produced
an
edition
of
Arrian
with
extensive
commentaries.
In
1965,
an
Institute
for
Numismatics
(also
intended
for
the
pre-Islamic
history
of
Central
Asia)
was
created
at
the
University
of
Vienna
for
Robert
Göbl.
Other
departments
have
touched
upon
the
subject
of
Iran.
Indo-European
and
Indo-Iranian
loanwords
in
the
Uralic
languages
have
been
dealt
with
by
Ka‚roly
Rede‚i.
The
Pamir
has
attracted
ethnologists:
Karl
Graz
and
Roger
Senarclens
de
Grancy
to
the
Wakhan
(three
expeditions,
1962,
1970,
and
1975)
and
Maximilian
Klimburg
to
Nuristan.
The
last-named
scholar
also
investigated
the
chronology
of
the
Buddhist
paintings
in
Central
Asia
and
established,
together
with
Alfred
Janata
and
Karl
Wutt,
the
small
Kafir
collection
of
the
Museum
für
Völkerkunde
in
Vienna.
Erika
Bleibtreu
is
an
esteemed
specialist
of
Achaemenid
art.
G.
Rasuly-Paleczek
(Institute
for
Ethnology)
has
studied
the
tribal
system
in
Afghanistan.
The
most
noticeable
development
has
occurred
at
the
Austrian
Academy
of
Sciences.
Its
ongoing
project
Tabula
Imperii
Byzantini
covers
some
parts
of
the
Sasanian
empire.
R.
Göbl
instituted
in
1970
the
Numismatic
Commission
(now
directed
by
M.
Alram),
with
the
projects
Sylloge
Nummorum
Sasanidarum
(cf.
R.
Gyselen)
and
Coins
and
History
of
Bukhara
from
the
first
Arab
attacks
to
the
Abbasid
revolution.
Above
all,
M.
Mayrhofer
(secretary
of
the
Phil.-Hist.
Section,
1970-82;
secretary
of
the
whole
Academy,
1970–73)
founded
in
1969
a
commission
for
the
elaboration
of
an
Iranian
onomastical
dictionary
(to
replace
F.
Justi's
Iranisches
Namenbuch,
Marburg,
1895).
By
2002,
this
had
grown,
under
Mayrhofer
as
chairman
and
under
his
successors
J.
Schindler
and
H.
Eichner,
into
the
Institute
of
Iranian
Studies,
headed
by
Bert
G.
Fragner.
The
Institute
of
Iranian
Studies
is
today
unique
in
Austria
in
being
solely
devoted
to
Iranian
studies
and
in
supporting
two
publication
series,
the
Iranisches
Personennamenbuch
and
the
Veröffentlichungen
der
Kommission
(now
Institut)
für
Iranistik.
The
latter
has
29
publications
to
date,
by
Ronald
E.
Emmerick
and
Prods
Oktor
Skjœrvø,
Wolfgang
Felix,
Jost
Gippert,
Karl
Jahn,
M.
Mayrhofer,
Rüdiger
Schmitt,
O.
Szemere‚nyi,
X.
Tremblay,
L.
Zgusta,
and
others,
as
well
as
the
edition
of
the
Avestan
Aog™madae@±a
by
K.
Jamasp
Asa.
Bibliography:
No
comprehensive
history
of
Iranian
studies
in
Austria
exists.
This
reflects
the
nineteenth-century
paradigm
that
did
not
regard
the
field
as
an
autonomous
discipline
(see
text
above).
The
following
abbreviations
are
used
in
addition
to
those
in
the
EIr.
"Short
References
and
Abbreviations
of
Books
and
Periodicals":
General
bibliographies.
Karl
Acham,
ed.,
Geschichte
der
Österreichischen
Humanwissenschaften,
Vol.
I.
Historischer
Kontext,
wissenschaftssoziologische
Befunde
und
methodologische
Voraussetzungen,
Vienna,
1999.
Anton
Baumstark,
Geschichte
der
syrischen
Literatur,
Bonn,
1922.
Theodor
Benfey,
Geschichte
der
Sprachwissenschaft
und
orientalischen
Philologie
in
Deutschland
seit
dem
Anfange
des
19.
Jahrhunderts,
Munich,
1869.
Bio-bibliographies
de
134
savants,
Acta
Iranica
20,
Leiden,
1979;
articles
concerning
Austria:
"Alois
Closs,"
"Franz
König,"
"Manfred
Mayrhofer,"
"Hans
Schmeja,"
and
"Ronald
Zwanziger."
Dokumentation
zur
Österreichischen
Akademie
der
Wissenschaften
1847–1972,
Vol.
I.
Die
Schriften
der
philosophisch-historischen
Klasse,
Vienna.
1972.
Bernhard
Fabian,
ed.,
Deutsches
Biographisches
Archiv
[microfiche],
Munich,
1960-99.
Bert
G.
Fragner,
"Iranian
Studies
in
German-speaking
Countries:
Federal
Republic
of
Germany,
German
Democratic
Republic,
Austria
and
Switzerland,"
Iranian
Studies
20/2-4,
1987,
pp.
53-98.
Alfons
Gabriel,
Die
Erforschung
Persiens,
Vienna,
1952.
Leo
Santifaller,
ed.,
Österreichisches
biographisches
Lexikon
1815-1950,
11
vols.,
Graz
and
Cologne,
and
later
Vienna,
1957–.
Constantin
von
Wurzbach,
Biographisches
Lexikon
des
Kaiserthums
Öesterreich,
60
vols.,
Vienna,
1856–91.
Institutional
histories.
Ji¸í
Be±ka,
"L'iranologie
tche‚coslovaque,"
in
Hommage
Universel
I,
Acta
Iranica
1,
1974,
pp.
374-88.
Idem,
Iranica
Bohemica
et
Slovaca.
Litterae,
Prague,
1996.
Josef
Eiselt,
"Forschungsarbeit
des
Naturhistorischen
Museums
Wien
in
und
für
den
Iran,"
in
Hommage
Universel,
Acta
Iranica
1,
1974,
pp.
335–47.
Max
Freiherr
von
Gemmel-Flischbach,
Album
der
k.k.
Theresianischen
Akademie,
Vienna,
1913.
Fritz
Freiherr
Lochner
von
Hüttenbach,
Das
Fach
Vergleichende
Sprachwissenschaft
an
der
Universität
Graz,
Graz,
1976.
Fritz
Freiherr
Lochner
von
Hüttenbach,
Manfred
Hutter,
and
Walter
Slaje,
Indo-iranische
Sprachen
und
Kulturen.
100
Jahre
Forschung
und
Lehre
in
Graz,
Graz,
1991.
Manfred
Mayrhofer,
"Irans
Kultur-
und
Sprachenwelt
in
der
Arbeit
der
Österreichischen
Akademie
der
Wissenschaften,"
Hommage
Universel
I,
Acta
Iranica
1,
1974,
pp.
328–34.
Richard
Meister,
"Das
Werden
der
philosophischen
Fakultät
Wien,"
Almanach
der
ÖAW
86,
1936,
pp.
357–76.
Idem,
Geschichte
der
Akademie
der
Wissenschaften,
Denkschriften
der
Gesamtakademie,
ÖAW
I,
Vienna,
1949.
Oskar
E.
Pfeiffer,
"75
Jahre
Institut
für
Sprachwissenschaft
und
wie
es
dazu
kam,"
Sprache
38/3,
1996
[2001],
pp.
3–70.
Idem,
"Die
Früh-
und
Vorgeschichte
der
Sprachwissenschaft
in
Wien,"
Sprache
39/3,
1997
[2002],
pp.
25–78.
Nosratollah
Rastegar,
"Iranistische
Tradition
in
Österreich,"
WZKM,
forthcoming.
Heinrich
Pfusterschmid-Hardtenstein,
"Von
der
Orientalischen
Akademie
zur
k.u.k.
Konsularakademie,"
in
A.
Wandruszka
and
P.
Urbanitsch,
eds.,
Die
Habsburgermonarchie
1848-1914
VI/1,
Vienna,
1989,
pp.
122-95.
L.
Reyckman,
"Orientalistyka,"
in
Bogdan
Suchodolski,
ed.,
Historia
Nauka
Polski
III,
Wroc¬aw,
etc.,
1977,
pp.
751-62.
Anton
Cornelius
Schaerdinger,
"Die
Turkologie
und
Iranistik
in
Österreich,"
Bustan
4/4-5/1,
1963-64,
pp.
8–11.
Helmut
Slaby,
Bindenschild
und
Sonnenlöwe,
Die
Geschichte
der
österreichisch-iranischen
Beziehungen
bis
zum
Gegenwart,
Graz,
1982.
Johann
Georg
Wenrich,
Commentatio
historica
qua
quantum
linguarum
orientalium
studia
Austriae
debeant,
exponitur,
2
vols.,
Vienna,
1822
and
1824.
Zur
ersten
Säkularfeier
der
kaiserlichen
Akademie
der
orientalischen
Sprachen
im
Jänner
1854,
Vienna,
1854.
History
of
related
fields
of
research.
Franz
Babinger,
"Die
türkischen
Studien
in
Europa
bis
zum
Auftreten
Josef
von
Hammer-Purgstalls,"
Die
Welt
des
Islams
7,
1919,
pp.
103–29.
Johann
Fück,
Die
arabischen
Studien
in
Europa,
Leipzig,
1955.
Hans
L.
Gottschalk,
"Die
Arabistik
in
Ös
terreich,"
Bustan
4/4-5/1,
1963-64,
pp.
3–7.
Suzanne
Kakuk,
"Cent
ans
d'enseignement
de
philologie
turque
aà
l'Universite‚
de
Budapest,"
in
L.
Ligeti,
ed.,
Studia
Turcica,
Budapest,
1971,
pp.
7–27.
Ernst
Dieter
Petritsch,
"Die
Wiener
Turkologie
vom
16.
bis
zum
18.
Jahrhundert,"
in
Germano-Turcica,
Zur
Geschichte
des
Türkisch-Lernens
in
den
deutschsprachigen
Ländern,
Bamberg,
1987,
pp.
25–34.
Ernst
Windisch,
Geschichte
der
Sanskritphilologie,
3
vols.,
Leipzig,
1917–21.
Library
catalogues
and
papyri
collections.
Iraj
Afshar,
Catalogue
of
Persian
Manuscripts
in
the
Austrian
National
Library
and
in
the
Austrian
State
Archives
in
Vienna.
First
part:
Austrian
National
Library.
The
Acquisitions
1868-1994.
Second
Part:
Austrian
State
Archives.
Haus-,
Hof-
und
Staatsarchiv,
Tehran
and
Vienna,
2003.
Dorothea
Duda,
Die
illuminierten
Handschriften
und
Inkunabeln
der
österreichischen
Nationalbibliothek.
Reihe
I:
Islamische
Handschriften.
4:
Persische
Handschriften,
DÖAW
117,
1983.
Gustav
Flügel,
Die
arabischen,
persischen
und
türkischen
Handschriften
der
k.k.
Hofbibliothek,
3
vols.,
Vienna,
1865–67.
Adolf
Grohmann,
Corpus
Papyrorum
Raineri
Archeducis
Austriae
III.I/1,
Allgemeine
Einführung
in
die
arabischen
Papyri,
Vienna,
1922.
Olav
Hansen,
Die
mittelpersischen
Papyri
der
Papyrussammlung
der
Staatlichen
Museen
zu
Berlin,
APAW
1938/9,
1938.
Josef
von
Karaba±ek,
Papyrus
Erzherzog
Rainer,
Führer
durch
die
Ausstellung,
Vienna,
1894.
H.
Krafft,
Die
arabischen,
persischen
und
türkischen
Handschriften
der
k.
k.
orientalischen
Akademie
zu
Wien,
Vienna,
1842.
Dieter
Weber,
"Die
Pehlevifragmente
der
Papyrussammlung
der
Österreichischen
Nationalbibliothek
in
Wien,"
in
Festschrift
Erzherzog
Rainer,
Vienna,
1983,
pp.
215–28.
Idem,
"Pahlavi
Papyri
und
Ostraca
(Stand
der
Forschung),"
in
W.
Skalmowski
and
A.
Van
Tongerloo,
eds.,
Middle
Iranian
Studies,
Louvain,
1984,
pp.
25-43.
Numismatic
collections.
Paul
Z.
Bedoukian,
Coinage
of
Cilician
Armenia,
Numismatic
Notes
and
Monographs
No.
147,
The
American
Numismatic
Society,
New
York,
1962.
Robert
Göbl,
"Sammlung
orientalischer
Münzen
in
Österreich,"
Bustan
4/4-5/1,
1963-64,
pp.
83–92.
Alexander
Ritter
von
Petrovicz,
Sammlung
Petrovicz.
Arsaciden-Münzen,
Vienna,
1904.
Eduard
von
Zambaur,
Manuel
de
ge‚ne‚alogie
et
de
chronologie
pour
l'histoire
de
l'Islam,
Hanovre,
1927.
Idem,
Orientalische
Münzen,
Vienna,
1906;
idem,
Orientalische
Numismatik,
Vienna,
1907.
Special
studies
(in
addition
to
those
cited
in
the
text).
M.
Alram
and
D.
E
.
Klimburg-Salter,
eds.,
Coins,
Art,
and
Chronology.
Essays
on
the
Pre-Islamic
History
of
the
Indo-Iranian
Borderlands,
DÖAW
280,
Vienna,
1999.
[Theodor
Benfey],
"Briefe
an
Theodor
Benfey,"
Beiträge
zur
Kunde
der
Indogermanischen
Sprachen
8,
1884,
p.
267.
Hans
Bobek,
Die
natürlichen
Wälder
und
Gehölzfluren
Irans,
Bonner
Geographische
Abhandlungen
7,
Bonn,
1951.
Wilhelm
Brandenstein
and
Manfred
Mayrhofer,
Antiguo
Persia.
Gramatica,
inscripciones,
Madrid,
1958;
German
version:
Handbuch
des
Altpersischen,
Wiesbaden,
1964.
C.
Bucher,
"Hammer-Purgstall,"
Ph.D.
diss.,
Universität
Wien,
1949.
[Alois
Closs],
Obituary
and
bibliography,
Anthropos
79,
1984,
pp.
637
ff.;
80,
1985,
pp.
677–89.
Ernst
Diez,
Churasanische
Baudenkmäler,
Berlin,
1918.
[Rudolf
Dvo¸aàk],
obituary
and
bibliography,
ArOr
29,
1960,
pp.
529–46.
[Herbert
Duda],
bibliography,
WZKM
66,
1960,
pp.
1
ff.
Dina
El
Zarka
and
Bernhard
Scheucher,
"Eine
lexikalische
Fundgrube:
Uto
von
Melzers
Wörterbuch,"
ZDMG
151,
2001,
pp.
70-101.
Godfried
E.
Friess,
Die
Reise
des
Hans
Christoph
Freiherrn
von
Teufel
in
das
Morgenland
1588-1590,
Programm
des
k.k.
Obergymnasiums
der
Benedictiner
zu
Seitenstetten,
Linz,
1898.
R.
Göbl,
System
und
Chronologie
der
Münzprägung
des
Kuæânreiches,
ÖAW,
Vienna,
1984.
[R.
Göbl],
obituary,
Numismatische
Zeitschrift
106-107
(Robert
Göbl-Gedächtnisschrift),
1999,
pp.
9-21.
Karl
Gratz
and
Roger
Senarclens
de
Grancy,
Hindukusch,
Österreichische
Expedition
in
den
Wakhan
1970,
Graz,
1972.
[Max
Grünert],
obituary,
ArOr
1,
1929,
pp.
247–50.
Ryka
Gyselen,
Arab-Sasanian
Copper
Coinage,
DÖAW
284,
Vienna,
2000.
Josef
Freiherr
von
Hammer-Purgstall,
Erinnerungen
aus
meinem
Leben
1774-1852,
ed.
by
R.
Bachofen
von
Echt,
in
Fontes
Rerum
Austriacarum,
Abt.
II,
Diplomataria
et
Acta,
70,
Vienna,
1940.
[Josef
Freiherr
von
Hammer-Purgstall],
obituary,
Feierliche
Sitzung
der
KAW,
1857.
Dora
Heinz,
"Persische
Teppiche
im
Österreichischen
Museum
für
Angewandte
Kunst,"
Acta
Iranica
2,
1974,
pp.
401-13.
Georg
Hüsing,
Die
iranische
Überlieferung
und
das
arische
System,
Leipzig,
1911.
Idem,
Krsaaspa
im
Schlangenleib
und
andere
Nachträge
zur
iranischen
Überlieferung,
Leipzig,
1911.
Idem,
Die
einheimischen
Quellen
zur
Geschichte
Elams,
I.
Altelamische
Texte,
Leipzig,
1916.
Idem,
Der
Mazdahismus,
Vienna,
1935.
Paul
Hultsch,
"Der
Orient
in
der
deutschen
Barockliteratur,"
Ph.D.
diss.,
Universität
Breslau,
1938.
Manfred
Hutter,
Manis
kosmogonische
ˆa@buhraga@n-Texte,
Wiesbaden,
1992.
[Jan
Jesen]
Iohan.
Iessenii
a
Iessen,
Zoroaster.
Noua,
breuis,
ueraque
de
universo
Philosophia,
Wittenberg,
1593.
Joseph
Ritter
von
Karaba±ek,
Die
persische
Nadelmalerei
Susandschird,
Ein
Beitrag
zur
Entwicklungsgeschichte
der
Tapisserie
de
haute
lisse,
mit
Zugrundelegung
eines
aufgefundenen
Wandteppichs,
nach
morgenländischen
Quellen
dargestellt,
Leipzig,
1881.
Max[imilian]
Klimburg,
The
Kafi;rs
of
Hindu
Kush:
Art
and
Society
of
the
Waigal
and
Ashkun
Kafi;rs,
Stuttgart,
1999.
Friedrich
Wilhelm
König,
Corpus
Inscriptionum
Elamicarum,
Hanover,
1926.
Idem,
Die
elamischen
Königsinschriften,
AfO
Beiheft
16,
Graz,
1965.
[Friedrich
Wilhelm
König]
obituary,
Almanach
ÖAW,
1972,
pp.
352-55.
[Paul
Koschaker],
obituary,
ZDMG
104,
1954,
pp.
1–44.
Theodor
Kotschy,
Die
westliche
Elbrus
bei
Teheran
in
Nord-Persien,
Vienna,
1861.
[Theodor
Kotschy],
obituary
Almanach
KAW
17,
1867,
pp.
215–64.
August
Kr‘i‘,
Plan
von
Teheran,
Tehran,
1857;
repr.,
Graz,
1977.
George
Kunoth,
Die
historische
Architektur
Fischers
von
Erlach,
Bonner
Beiträge
zur
Kunstwissenschaft
5,
Düsseldorf
1956.
[Alfred
Ludwig],
obituaries,
Jahresbericht
des
deutschen
Vereins
für
Volkskunde
und
Sprachwissenschaft
in
Prag
20,
1912;
and
Bibliographisches
Nachbuch
und
deutscher
Nekrolog
17,
1912
[1915],
pp.
128-33.
Uto
von
Melzer,
Farhangnewis.
Persisch-deutsches
Wörterbuch,
ms.,
to
be
published
as
a
CD-ROM
by
the
Academy
of
Sciences,
Vienna.
[Uto
von
Melzer],
bibliography,
in
Nosratollah
Rastegar
and
Walter
Slaje,
Uto
von
Melzer
(1881–1961),
SÖAW
477,
Vienna,
1987.
Alois
Musil
1868–1968,
Brünn
[Brno],
1968.
V.
Hans
von
M‘ik,
Beiträge
zur
historischen
Geographie,
Kulturgeographie,
Ethnographie
und
Kartographie,
vornehmlich
des
Orients,
Vienna,
1929.
H.
Pohlig,
"Geologische
Untersuchungen
in
Persien,"
Verhandlungen
der
k.
k.
geologischen
Reichsanstalt
1884,
pp.
40-64.
Jakob
Eduard
Polak,
Persien,
das
Land
und
seine
Bewohner.
Ethnographische
Schilderungen,
Leipzig,
1865.
Heinrich
von
Poser
und
Gro£-Nedlitz,
Lebens-
und
Todes-Geschichte,
worinnen
das
Tagebuch
seiner
Reise
von
Constantinopel
aus
durch
die
Bulgarey,
Armenien,
Persien
und
Indien
ans
Licht
gestellet
von
dessen
Sohne
Heinrich
von
Poser
und
Gro£-Nedlitz,
Jhena
[Jena],
1675.
Ka‚roly
Re‚dei,
"Die
ältesten
indogermanischen
Lehnwörter
der
uralischen
Sprachen,"
in
Denis
Sinor,
ed.,
The
Uralic
Languages,
HO,
Achte
Abteilung,
vol.
1,
Leiden
and
Cologne,
1988,
pp.
638-64.
Alois
Riegl,
Altorientalische
Teppiche,
Vienna,
1891.
J.
Russegger,
Reisen
in
Europa,
Asien
und
Afrika,
mit
besonderer
Rücksicht
auf
die
naturwissenschaftlichen
Verhältnisse
der
betreffenden
Länder
...,
Stuttgart,
3
vols.,
1846–49.
Eduard
Sachau,
Chronologie
orientalischer
Völker,
Leipzig,
1878.
Idem,
"Neue
Beiträge
zur
Kenntnis
der
zoroastrischen
Literatur,"
SKAW
67,
1871,
pp.
805-52.
Idem,
"Zur
Geschichte
und
Chronologie
von
Khwârizm,"
SKAW
83,
1873,
pp.
471-506;
84,
1873,
pp.
285-330.
[Eduard
Sachau],
bibliography,
in
Gotthold
Weil,
ed.,
Festschrift
Eduard
Sachau,
Berlin,
1915,
pp.
1–14.
Paulus
a
Sancto
Bartholomaeo,
Systema
Brahmanicum
Liturgicum
mythologicum
ciuile,
Romae,
1792.
Idem,
Dissertatio
de
antiquitate
et
affi;nitate
linguarum
Zendicae,
Sanscritanicae
et
Germanicae,
Padovae
[Padua],
1798.
Idem,
Dissertatio
de
latini
sermonis
origine
et
cum
orientalibus
connexione,
Romae,
1802.
Ottokar
Freiherr
Schlechta
von
Wssehrd,
"Fethali
Schah
und
seine
Thronrivalen,"
SKAW
54,
1864,
pp.
14-44.
Idem,
Der
Frühlingsgarten
von
Mewlana
Abdurrahman
Dschami,
Vienna,
1846.
Idem,
Der
Fruchtgarten
von
Saadi,
Vienna,
1852.
Idem,
Ibn
Jemin's
Bruchstücke,
Vienna,
1852,
2nd
ed.
1879.
Idem,
"Die
Kämpfe
zwischen
Persien
und
Russland,"
SKAW
66,
1864,
pp.
4-67.
Franz
Ferdinand
Schwarz,
Geschichte
und
Geographie
Bha@ratas
in
Arrians
Indike,
Graz,
1973.
Rogers
Senarclens
de
Grancy,
Gro£er
Pamir:
Österreichisches
Forschungsunternehmen
1975
in
den
Wakhan,
Graz,
1978.
Idem,
Wakhan,
Graz,
2000.
Walter
Slaje,
"Fridrich
von
Suhtscheck
und
das
«Pa@rs^walna@mä»,"
ZDMG
139,
1989,
pp.
93-103.
Gustav
Stratil-Sauer,
Geographische
Forschungen
in
Ostpersien,
2
vols.,
Vienna,
1953-56.
Josef
Strzygowski,
Altai-Iran
und
Völkerwanderung.
Ziergeschichtliche
Untersuchungen
über
den
Eintritt
der
Wander-und
Nordvölker
in
die
Treibhäuser
geistlichen
Lebens,
Leipzig,
1917.
Idem,
Die
Baukunst
der
Armenier
und
Europa,
Vienna,
1918.
[Festschrift]
Studien
zur
Kunst
des
Ostens.
Josef
Strzygowski
zum
60.
Geburtstage,
Vienna,
1923.
Georgius
Tectander
von
der
Jabel,
Kurtze
und
wahrhafftige
beschreibung
der
Rei£
von
Prag
aus,
durch
Schlesien,
Polen,
Moscaw,
Tartareyen,
bis
an
den
Königlichen
Hoff
in
Persien,
Leipzig,
1608.
Paul
Tedesco,
"Dialektologie
der
westiranischen
Turfantexte,"
Le
Monde
Oriental
15,
1921,
pp.
184–258.
Idem,
"a-Stämme
und
aya-Stämme
im
Iranischen,"
ZII
2,
1923,
pp.
281–315.
Idem,
"Ostiranische
Nominalfl;exion,"
ZII
4,
1926,
pp.
94–166.
Giovanni
Christophoro
[Teuffel]
barone
de
Gunder
storff,
Viaggo
fatto
di
Constantinopoli
verso
Levante,
Vienna,
1598.
Josef
Tieffentaller,
S.J.,
Des
Pater
Joseph
Tieffenthaler
d.
G.
J.
und
apostolischen
Missionarius
in
Indien
historisch-geographische
Beschreibungen
von
Hindustan,
3
vol.,
Berlin,
1785-86,
1788,
and
1787.
Wilhelm
Tomaschek,
Centralasiatische
Studien.
"I.
Sogdiana,"
SKAW
87,
1877,
pp.
67-184;
"II.
Die
Pamir-Dialekte,"
SKAW
96,
1880,
pp.
735-900.
Idem,
Die
Goten
in
Taurien,
Vienna,
1881.
Idem,
"Zur
historischen
Topographie
von
Persien,"
SKAW
102,
1883,
pp.
145-231;
108,
1885,
pp.
561-652.
Idem,
"Kritik
der
ältesten
Nachrichten
über
den
scythischen
Norden,"
SKAW
116,
1888,
pp.
715-80;
117,
1889,
pp.
1-70.
[Johann
Georg
Wenrich],
Francisci
I.
Imperatoris
Augusti
patriae
parentis
Festum
Natalitium...
Inest
Commentatio
de
Adfi;nitate
priscae
Indorum
linguae,
quam
Sanscritam
dicunt,
cum
Persarum,
Graecorum,
Romanorum
atque
Germanorum
sermone,
Vindobonae
[Vienna],
1827.
Julius
Ritter
von
Wiesner,
Mikroskopische
Untersuchungen
alter
ostturkestanischer
Papiere,
DKAW,
math.-naturwiss.
Klasse,
72,
1902.
Idem,
Ein
weiterer
Beitrag
zur
Geschichte
des
Papiers,
SKAW
148/6,
1904.
Idem,
Über
die
ältesten
bis
jetzt
gefundenen
Hadernpapiere,
SKAW
118/5,
1911.
K.
M.
Woschitz,
M.
Hutter,
K.
Prenner,
Das
manichäische
Urdrama
des
Lichtes,
Vienna,
1988.
(X.
TREMBLAY
AND
N.
RASTEGAR)
February
10,
2005 |