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LULUBI,
country
of
a
people
who
probably
originated
in
southern
Kurdistan;
the
form
of
the
name
is
identical
in
both
Sumerian
and
Akkadian,
namely
Lulubi
and
Lulubum
respectively
(for
the
various
spellings
see
Klengel,
1965,
p.
350;
Edzard,
Farber,
and
Sollberger,
1977,
p.
111).
The
Early
Dynastic
List
of
Geographical
Names
[LGN]
from
Abu@
S®ala@b^ª
(third
millennium
BCE)
has
Lulubuna,
which
is
identified
by
Frayne
(1992,
p.
61)
with
the
city
of
Luluban
in
Old
Akkadian
texts
from
Gasur
(near
modern
Kirkuk,
Iraq).
He
locates
this
city
in
modern
H®alabjah
(southwest
of
Lake
Zeribor).
Apart
from
the
above-mentioned
form,
there
is
also
a
shorter
form
of
this
ethnonym
from
the
second
millennium
BCE
onwards,
namely
Lullu,
Lullim
(for
spellings
and
variants
see
Fincke,
1993,
pp.
190-193,
s.v.
N/Lull(e);
Nashef,
1982,
pp.
188
f.;
Parpola,
1970,
pp.
228
f.).
Speiser
(1930,
pp.
90
f.)
and
Klengel
(1965,
p.
357)
follow
Hüsing
in
asserting
that
the
Lullubian
language
was
related
to
Elamite.
Their
only
argument
is
that
<bi>
of
the
ethnonym
(whose
function,
if
any,
eludes
us)
is
identical
with
the
animate
plural
marker
/p/
in
Elamite.
On
a
purely
descriptive
level,
the
segmentation
of
the
ethnonym
into
Lullu-
and
-bi
is
defensible,
in
view
of
the
synchronic
occurrences
of
forms
with
and
without
the
second
component.
However,
the
second
component
is
spelled,
not
only
with
<b>,
but
also
with
<m>.
There
is
no
evidence
that
this
alternating
second
component
has
the
same
function
as
the
above-mentioned
/p/
marker
in
Elamite.
There
is
no
evidence
that
the
Lullubians,
who
inhabited
part
of
modern
Kurdistan,
are
the
ancestors
of
the
modern
Lurs,
who
dwell
further
south
(in
Luristan,
pace
Speiser,
1930,
pp.
95
f.).
It
is
impossible
to
indicate
the
boundaries
of
the
land
of
the
Lullubians.
The
heart
of
their
country
is
thought
to
be
the
valley
of
ˆahrzor
(district
of
Solayma@niya).
In
the
third
millennium
BCE
the
abodes
of
the
Lullubians
are
still
delimitable
to
some
extent.
The
only
description
of
Lullubum,
albeit
partial,
is
found
in
the
"Sargon
Geography,"
which
goes
back
to
an
Old
Babylonian,
if
not
an
earlier,
tradition.
It
is
located
between
Uruna
(LGN
Uranu[?];
see
Frayne,
1992,
p.
76)
and
S®inu
(location
unknown;
see
Horowitz,
1998,
pp.
76
ff.
ad
no.
68,
line
12).
The
land
of
Lulumî
is
identified
in
the
first
millennium
BCE
with
the
region
of
Zamua
(cf.,
e.g.,
Winckler,
1889,
II,
p.
8,
line
11).
The
only
known
Lullubian
word
is
ki-u‚-ru-um
=
Akkadian
ilu
"god"
(recorded
in
a
late
Assyrian
vocabulary;
see
Frank,
1928-29,
p.
42).
The
inhabitants
of
the
region
of
Sipirmena
in
Zamua
"twitter
like
women"
according
to
an
Assyrian
royal
inscription
from
880
BCE
(see
Zaccagnini,
1982,
p.
415
with
n.
44).
Due
to
the
fact
that
we
know
next
to
nothing
about
the
language
of
the
Lullubians,
it
is
even
not
clear
whether
they
ever
formed
a
distinct
ethnolinguistic
group.
The
ascription
of
any
corpus
to
a
distinctive
"Lullubian"
group
is
doubtful,
as
Eidem
(1992,
p.
53)
states:
"Lullean
[Lullubian]
...
in
a
linguistic
sense
has
little
meaning
except
as
a
collective
label
for
residual
elements."
The
more
optimistic
assessment
of
Astour
(1987,
p.
29,
n.
189;
pp.
37
f.
with
n.
259)
is
based
only
on
elimination:
he
tentatively
regards
as
Lullubian
the
non-Hurrian
and
non-atypical
names
of
the
Ur
III
list
from
Shashrum
(Struve,
1952;
cf.
Eidem,
1992,
p.
52
with
n.
41;
Zadok,
2001).
The
thorough
treatment
of
the
"Lullubian"
onomasticon
by
Speiser
(1930,
pp.
91-94)
is
necessarily
tentative
and
overly
optimistic.
Moreover,
there
seems
to
be
a
late
and
secondary
geographical
extension
of
Lullubum
(in
the
second
millennium
BCE:
"mountain
dwellers;
strangers";
see
Klengel,
1965,
pp.
166
f.),
and
there
is
no
definite
delimitation
between
Gutium
(Qutium;
see
GUTIANS)
and
Lullubum.
Lulubi
was
in
the
periphery
of
the
state
of
Sargon
of
Akkad.
The
Lullubian
ruler
Satuni
was
a
contemporary
of
Naram-Sin
(2254-2218
BCE)
from
Akkad,
who
defeated
the
Lullubians.
Kanishba,
king
of
Simurrum,
instigated
his
people
and
the
Lullubians
to
rebel
against
Erridu-pizir
king
of
Gutium,
according
to
the
latter's
inscription
(extant
only
in
an
Old
Babylonian
copy).
The
center
of
Erridu-pizir's
arena
of
operations
in
Simurrum
and
Lullubum
is
a
place
named
Madga.
Erridu-pizir
is
not
mentioned
in
other
sources.
Th.
Jacobsen
and
R.
Kutscher
tentatively
suggest
regarding
him
as
the
successor
of
the
Akkad
dynasty
(i.e.,
sometime
after
2154
BCE),
thereby
being
the
first
recorded
member
of
the
Gutian
dynasty,
which
ruled
over
Mesopotamia
as
well
(see
Kutscher,
1989,
pp.
62
f.,
67
f.).
A
Lullubian
functionary
with
a
Sumerian
name
is
mentioned
at
late-Sargonic
or
Ur
III
Lagash
(de
Genouillac,
1912,
IV,
no.
7087,
r.,
line
1;
cf.
Edzard,
Farber,
and
Sollberger,
1977,
p.
111).
Lullubians
are
recorded
in
Girsu
in
the
time
of
the
second
Lagash
dynasty
(see
Steinkeller,
1988,
p.
53,
n.
21).
According
to
Old
Akkadian
and
Ur
III
economic
documents,
Lullubum
exported
livestock
to
Mesopotamia
and
imported
grain
from
there.
The
Neo-Sumerian
king
Shulgi
(2094-2047
BCE)
boasts
of
military
successes
against
Lullubum
in
his
46-45th
and
25th
years
(together
with
Simurrum,
Urbilum,
and
Karahar);
once
he
states
that
Simurrum
and
Lullubum
were
raided
"for
the
ninth
time."
Lulubuna
is
considered
a
Lullubian
colony
near
Lagash
by
Falkenstein
(but
see
the
reservations
of
D.
O.
Edzard
in
Parpola
et
al.,
1977,
pp.
164
f.).
A
chief
magistrate
(or
mayor,
Akkadian
haza@num)
of
Lulubu
bearing
a
Sumerian
name
is
recorded
in
Ur
III
(de
Genouillac,
1912,
III,
no.
5367,
r.,
line
2;
cf.
Edzard
and
Farber,
1974,
p.
112).
The
same
documentation
has
the
anthroponyms
Lu-lu-bu-um
(Thureau-Dangin,
1910,
I,
no.
211;
Pettinatto,
Waetzoldt
and
Pomponio,
1977,
no.
249,
line
1)
and
Lu-lu-bí-tum
(Thureau-Dangin,
1910,
I,
no.
828),
i.e.,
"Lullubian"
(male
and
female
respectively).
The
contingent
of
Lulubu
in
the
service
of
the
Ur
III
state
(8th
year
of
Amar-Suen,
i.e.,
2039
BCE)
is
listed
between
that
of
Agaz
and
that
of
Hamazi
(in
the
central
Zagros
and
its
piedmont).
This
may
indicate
that
the
Lullubians
were
under
the
control
of
the
Neo-Sumerian
state
(see
Sigrist,
1979,
p.
168,
ad
loc.).
[Lul(?)]lubum
is
recorded
in
an
inscription
of
Shu-Suen
(Kutscher,
1989,
p.
101
with
n.
63).
The
Lullubian
ruler
Irib
brought
sheep
and
goats
according
to
a
document
from
Puzrish-Dagan
(modern
Drehem)
from
the
second
year
of
Shu-Suen
(2036
BCE;
Sigrist,
1995,
I,
no.
132,
line
5).
Darianam
of
Lullubum
is
also
recorded
in
Ur
III
(Walker,
1985,
pp.
90,
no.
2
and
146,
n.
7
[unavailable
to
the
author,
quoted
by
Frayne,
1992,
p.
61
with
n.
473).
The
rock
relief
of
Anubanini,
King
of
Lulubum
in
Sar-e
Pol-e
Zoha@b
is
dated
to
the
end
of
Ur
III
or
the
beginning
of
the
Old
Babylonian
period.
It
is
not
certain
whether
Anubanini
himself
was
a
Lullubian
(see
Diakonoff,
1956,
p.
102).
There
is
no
telling
whether
he
led
a
political
alliance
of
the
Lullubian
tribes.
The
numerous
kings
of
Lullim
(all
anonymous)
are
described
in
documents
from
Old
Babylonian
Shusharra
(modern
Tall
Shimshara).
Old
Babylonian
sources
show
the
extension
of
the
term
Lullu
to
an
international
"social"
label.
So
far
there
is
no
evidence
for
an
ethnolinguistic
reality
behind
the
opposition
Lullean/Turukkean.
Lulleans
have
become
a
designation
for
"highlanders"
~
"barbarous"
(Eidem,
1992,
pp.
50
f.
following
Klengel,
1965,
p.
357).
They
inhabited
the
less
accessible
mountains,
not
the
plain
intermontane
valleys,
and
were
basically
engaged
in
herding
and
hunting,
not
in
agriculture.
Some
Lullubians
(perhaps
=
Turukkeans)
are
recorded
in
Old
Babylonian
Tall
ar-Rima@há
and
Tuttul
on
the
Middle
Euphrates
(see
Krebernik,
2001,
p.
90
ad
Keilschrifttexte
aus
Tutul,
no.
138).
The
gentilic
Lulla@yu
was
borne
by
individuals
from
Du@r-Katlimmu
and
Tall
ar-Rima@há
in
the
Middle
Assyrian
period
(see
Nashef,
1982,
p.
189).
Immashku
King
of
Lulu
is
recorded
in
a
historical-mythological
fragment
from
Bog´azköy.
This
fragment
stems
from
the
Hurrian
tradition.
According
to
this
tradition,
there
were
several
Lullubian
kings
at
the
same
time,
presumably
a
great
king
controlling
several
chieftains
("kings").
This
find
is
in
accord
with
Neo-Assyrian
sources,
where
several
kings
of
Zamua
(Lullubum)
are
recorded
simultaneously
(see
Klengel,
1965,
p.
358,
and
cf.
below).
On
the
whole,
Zamua,
and
especially
Sumbi,
was
a
region
with
of
a
low
political
integration.
Lullubians
(anonymous
or
with
Babylonian
names)
are
recorded
in
Nippur
during
the
Middle
Babylonian
period
(see
Nashef,
1982,
p.
189).
Nebuchadnezzar
I
claimed
to
have
subdued
the
land
of
Lullubî.
Klengel
(1965,
p.
361)
is
of
the
opinion
that
an
itinerary
preserved
in
an
unpublished
oracle
query
(reported
to
Klengel
by
W.
G.
Lambert)
may
refer
to
this
campaign:
it
describes
the
way
from
Padni
(presumably
Padan)
to
Putumbi,
Dur-Shulgi,
and
Halman.
The
last-mentioned
is
on
the
way
from
Babylonia
to
the
Lullubian
territory.
The
toponym
Neo-Assyrian
Ban-ba-la
<
Kassite
"Babylon"
referring
to
a
settlement
situated
on
the
shore
of
Lake
Zeribor
is
noteworthy.
Lu-lu-ba-ia,
i.e.,"Lullubian,"
is
recorded
in
a
document
from
Bit-Abdadanu
in
western
Media
in
the
11th-10th
century
BCE
(Diakonoff,
1978,
p.
60).
The
Lullubians
are
described
as
a
typical
enemy
in
the
apocalyptic
Babylonian
"Erra
Epos."
A
Lullubian
woman
appears
as
a
witch
in
the
"Maqlû
series,"
a
set
of
ritual
texts
(see
Klengel,
1965,
p.
369).
Assyrian
involvement
in
Lullubum
began
in
the
second
year
of
Tiglath-Pileser
I
(1113
BCE),
when
he
reports
that
he
took
25
anonymous
Lullubian
deities
as
booty
to
Assyria
(see
Klengel,
1965,
p.
362).
At
the
beginning
of
the
first
millennium
BCE,
the
Neo-Assyrian
inscriptions
treat
the
land
of
Lulume
separately
from
Zamua
(Adad-narari
II,
911-891
BCE).
But
in
the
account
of
Sargon's
eighth
campaign
Mt.
Kullar
is
described
as
located
in
Lulume,
which
is
named
Zamua.
Tukulti-Ninurta
II
(890-884
BCE)
conquered
the
region
of
Ladani,
which
was
accessible
through
the
passes
of
Habruri/Kirruri
and
bordered
on
the
Lower
Zab.
It
is
described
as
inhabited
by
Lullubians
(Grayson,
1991,
pp.
172
f.:
Tukulti-Ninurta
II,
A.0.100.5,
30
ff.).
The
late
and
secondary
geographical
extension
of
Lullubum
(see
Klengel,
1965,
pp.
166
f.)
does
not
necessarily
apply
to
this
region,
which
was
very
close,
if
not
adjacent,
to
Lullubum,
the
more
so
since
we
cannot
determine
with
certainty
the
original
geographical
extension
of
Lullubum.
Ashurnasirpal
II
marched
in
his
first
year
(883
BCE)
only
to
the
border
of
Lullubum.
The
pretext
for
Ashurnasirpal
II's
campaign
in
his
third
year
(881
BCE)
was
a
revolt
by
Nur-Adad
the
sheikh
(nas^ku)
of
Dagara
(an
Aramean
according
to
his
title
and
name,
like
Zabini
king
of
Kisáirtu
in
Zamua,
Grayson,
1991,
p.
206:
Ashurnasirpal
A.0.101.1,
ii,
58).
This
may
imply
that
Nur-Adad
became
a
vassal
of
Assyria
as
early
as
883
BCE.
This
campaign
caused
the
Zamuan
rulers
to
form
an
anti-Assyrian
alliance
and
to
build
a
wall
in
the
Babite
pass
(the
modern-day
Bazian
pass,
between
Kirkuk
and
Solayma@niya),
the
entrance
to
the
land
of
Lullubum/Zamua.
This
land,
which
was
ruled
simultaneously
by
several
kings,
had
at
least
19
walled
cities.
The
booty
and
tribute
taken
by
the
Assyrians
from
Zamua
included
livestock,
horses,
metals,
textiles
as
well
as
wine
from
Dagara.
The
fact
that
Ashurnasirpal
II
had
to
conduct
an
anti-Zamuan
campaign
in
his
fourth
year
(880
BCE)
as
well
proves
that
Zamua,
even
its
western
section,
was
not
yet
fully
incorporated
as
an
Assyrian
province
(see
Klengel,
1965,
p.
365).
Shalmaneser
III
(858-824
BCE)
conducted
more
campaigns
to
Zamua
"of
the
inner
intermontane
valleys"
(Zamua
æa
bu@ta@ni)
or
Mazamua.
His
first
campaign
was
via
Mt.
Kullar
to
Inner
Zamua.
This
was
followed
by
the
conquest
of
the
cities
of
Niqdira
and
Niqdime,
and
extermination
of
the
remainder
of
the
retreating
Zamuan
troops
in
the
Sea
of
Inner
Zamua
(presumably
Zeribor).
The
governor
of
Zamua
appears
as
an
eponym
for
the
first
time
in
828
BCE
(later
several
governors
were
eponyms,
e.g.
in
768
BCE).
However,
local
rulers
are
recorded
later
as
well,
namely
Dada
of
Arzizu
in
Sargon
II's
time
and
Larkutla
city
lord
of
Zamua
at
the
end
of
Esarhaddon's
reign.
Urartian
*Lulu[ine]
(Diakonoff
and
Kashkai,
1979,
p.
52)
denotes
"enemy
of
the
mountains;
foreigner,
stranger"
in
the
time
of
King
Argishti
(ca.
786-764
BCE?,
see
Klengel,
1965,
p.
370).
Out
of
14
anthroponyms
(see
Zadok,
2002,
pp.
92
f.)
three
(21.42
percent,
one
certain
and
two
just
possible)
are
Old
Iranian,
three
(21.42
percent)
atypical,
six
(42.85
percent)
unaffiliated
but
not
isolated,
and
two
(14.28
percent)
are
unaffiliated
and
isolated.
Na@r-La‚l-lu-u‚
may
denote
"the
Lullubian
river,"
and
Arakdi(-a)
is
explicitly
a
Lullubian
toponym.
Out
of
54
toponyms
(see
Zadok,
2002,
pp.
94
f.),
six
(11.11.
percent)
are
recorded
before
the
first
millennium
BCE,
two
(3.7
percent)
are
perhaps
such,
and
two
(3.7
percent)
possibly
homonymous
with
pre-first
millennium
toponyms.
Three
(5.55
percent)
are
perhaps
Old
Iranian;
one
toponym
may
be
Kassite
(1.85
percent)
and
another
one
(1.85
percent)
is
Kassitized.
Only
two
toponyms
(3.7
percent)
are
Hurro-Urartian,
four
(7.4
percent)
are
atypical,
another
four
(7.4
percent)
Akkadian;
two
toponyms
(3.7.
percent)
are
doubtful,
two
(3.7
percent)
West
Semitic;
six
(11.11
percent)
are
unaffiliated,
but
not
entirely
isolated,
and
19
(35.18
percent)
are
unaffiliated
and
isolated.
For
Lullubians
on
Assyrian
reliefs
see
Wäfler,
1975,
p.
267.
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December
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2005 |