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M. Boyce, I. K. Poonawala, P. Beaumont “water.” i. The concept of water in ancient Iranian culture. ii. Water in Muslim Iranian culture. iii. The hydrology and water resources of the Iranian plateau. R. Holod, M. Sotūda “water reservoir.” i. History. ii. Construction. The term āb-anbār is common throughout Iran as a designation for roofed underground water cisterns. In Turkmenistan the term sardāba is found for similar structures. Early Islamic sources in Arabic appear to use the words eṣṭaḵr for a covered tank or cistern (Le Strange, Lands, pp. 276, 285); and in 14th to 16th century texts, maṣnaʿ can be understood as designating a cistern. H. Gaube or ĀB-DEZ, a major river of Ḵūzestān, the one most vital to its economy. It rises in the central Zagros mountains about 20 km (all distances are given in a straight line) northeast of Borūǰerd near the village of Čahār Borra. Flowing past Borūǰerd to the west, it runs southeast until it is joined near Do Rūd, some 60 km southeast of Borūǰerd, by the Mārbora flowing from the east. The combined waters of both rivers then flow southwest through a narrow, often gorgelike valley for about 70 km, as far as Kešvar. ... E. Ehlers “warm water”: hot springs and mineral springs in Iran. Since detailed geological investigations in Iran have been sporadic, there is no single comprehensive study of its thermal springs. Information about them is incomplete and unsystematic. It may be assumed that thermal springs are located, above all, in the geologically youngest parts of the country, that is, in the region of tertiary mountain folds and their foothills, and along tectonic fault lines. Another sign of thermal or mineral springs must surely be the widely distributed place-name Āb-e Garm. ... See ĀB ii. C. E. Bosworth “still water,” a salt lake in the province of Ḡazna in modern Afghanistan, lying 30 km southeast of the present Ḡazna-Kandahār highway and 100 km south of Ḡazna itself, latitude 32°30 ′N, longitude 67°55 ′E, at an altitude of 2,130 m above sea level. The lake, some 25 km by 10 km in size but very shallow, is fed by the river of Ḡazna, and out of it the river Lora flows down to the Arḡandāb. N. Ramazani (or ĀB-E ḠŪRA), the juice of ḡūra, i.e., unripe grapes. (The term is applied secondarily to other unripe fruit. For examples of the term ḡūra in literature, see Dehḵodā, fasc. no. 74, pp. 361-62.) Such juice, sour and highly acidic, is used in Persian cuisine both for its own sake and as a substitute for lemon juice. ... EIr and N. Ramazani literally “water-meat” signifying “meat juice” (i.e., āb-e gūšt), a popular Persian meat-based soup or stew, consisting of lamb, some legume, and herb and seasoning. Currently the standard variety of āb-gūšt is made of lamb shank (māhīča), dried chick peas, white beans, and potato, with salt, turmeric, and dried Persian lime (līmū-ye ʿomānī) for seasoning. ... M. Boyce “Nāhīd of the Water,” a Zoroastrian woman’s name, first attested in the poem Vis o Rāmīn (sec. 9, line. 5). This poem is held to be a composition of the late Parthian period, but was translated subsequently into Middle Persian, and finally into the classical Persian version which alone survives. Hence the exact form of the name in the Parthian period remains uncertain. In the poem its bearer is said to be a noble lady of Isfahan, the daughter of a scribe (debīr). M. Boyce “offering of water,” the Middle Persian for of a Zoroastrian technical term, Av. Ape zaoθra. Currently, the Irani Zoroastrians speak of āb-zōr (Dari, with metathesis, ōw-rūz), while the Parsis use a half-Gujarati expression, zor-melavvi “giving the offering.” H. Algar (in Arabic, also ʿabāʾa and ʿabāya), a loose outer garment, generally for men, worn widely throughout the Middle East, particularly by Arab nomads. In Iran the ʿabāʾ is used almost exclusively by religious scholars. In its most common form, that prevalent in Syria and Arabia, the ʿabāʾ has the form of a loose cloak; open in the front, it is kept closed neither by buttons nor by belt. It is without sleeves, but the arms are passed through side openings which serve also to keep the ʿabāʾ in place on the shoulders. J. van Ess Arabic theological term meaning “eternity a parte post” (already in early Muʿtazilite theology); it corresponds to Greek atıleuton. It sometimes also serves as a general term for unlimited time (dahr). Abad and its opposing term, azal (“eternity a parte ante”) represent different aspects of qedam, “eternity.” A suggested derivation is from the Middle Persian *a-pād, “without foot (i.e., without end).” For a surmise on the Iranian origin of azal, see Monnot in bibliography. C. E. Bosworth 1. The name of a small town in northern Fārs province, lying to the northeast of the chaîne magistrale of the Zagros, latitude 31°11 ′N, longitude 52°40 ′E, at an altitude of 2,011 m/6,200 feet. It is on the easterly (formally the winter, now the all-weather) main Isfahan-Shiraz highway, 204 km from the former and 280 km from the latter city. A branch road from the highway, leaving it at Abarqūh, connects Ābāda with Yazd. L. P. Elwell-Sutton, X. de Planhol island and city in the ostān (province) of Ḵūzestān at the head of the Persian Gulf. The island is bounded by the Šaṭ ṭ-al-ʿarab on the west, the Kārūn on the north, the Bahmanš īr on the east, and the Persian Gulf on the south. The island, 64 km long and from 3 to 20 km wide, thus forms part of the combined delta of the Kārūn, Tigris, and Euphrates rivers, together with their numerous tributaries, including the Karḵa and the Gorgor. Ahmad Ashraf Persian term meaning “settlement, inhabited space;” it is applied basically to the rural environment, but in colloquial usage it often refers to towns and cities as well. The Persian word derives from Middle Persian āpāt, “developed, thriving, inhabited, cultivated” (see H. S. Nyberg, A Manual of Pahlavi II, Wiesbaden, 1974, p. 25); the Middle Persian word is based on the Old Iranian directional adverb ā, “to, in” and the root pā, “protect.” Aḥmad Tafażżolī Zoroastrian of the 9th century A.D. who apostatized to Islam (hence his epithets in Pahlavi , “accursed” [gizistag/guǰastag] and “heretic” [zandīg]). His original name was Day-Ohrmazd, and he apparently adopted an Arabic one after his conversion. M. Boyce Middle Persian term, “the waters” (Av. āpō). In Indo-Iranian the word for water is grammatically feminine; the element itself was always characterized as female and was represented by a group of goddesses, the Āpas. These evidently represented water apprehended in its diversity, whether as countless waves and droplets or as innumerable separate streams, pools, and wells. The link between them and the element they personified was very close. I. Abbas B. LĀHEQ, called LĀHEQĪ, late 2nd/8th century poet. He was of a Persian family, originally from Fasā, which had settled (probably at an early date) in Baṣra. Abān was born there, and he flourished in the period of the Barmakīs. By his own account, he was of average and graceful stature, with a handsome face and lank beard. He was well versed in the learning and culture of Baṣra, including mathematics, grammar, rhetoric, and literature. M. Boyce the eighth month of the Zoroastrian year, dedicated to the Waters, Ābān (q.v.). From the 5th to the beginning of the 11th century A.D., as a result of the second Sasanian calendar reform (see Calendar, Zoroastrian), Ābān Māh became the twelfth month of the religious “leaping” (wihēzag) year, with five epagomenae, the Gāthā days, set between it and Āḏar Māh (q.v.). M. Boyce Middle Persian (Pazand) name of the fifth among the Zoroastrian hymns to individual divinities. It is the third longest, with 131 verses (only Farvardīn and Mihr Yašt are longer). Although the name indicates that the hymn is devoted to the Waters (Ābān), the Lady Ardvīsūr (Bānū Ardvīsūr) is invoked in the Middle Persian preliminaries; and the Avestan xšnūman (dedication) dedicates its recital to the satisfaction of “the water Arədvī Sūrā Anāhitā, the righteous. the name used by Bīrūnī (Āṯār, p. 224) for the Zoroastrian feast-day dedicated to the Waters, which was celebrated on the day Ābān of the month Ābān. See further under ĀBĀN MĀH. W. L. Hanaway, Jr. character in the prose romance Dārābnāma (q.v.) of Abū Ṭāher Moḥammad b. Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Mūsā al-Ṭarsūsī (q.v.), a storyteller of the Ghaznavid period. A lengthy tale, which includes a version of the Iranian Alexander romance, the Dārābnāma probably took its present written form in the 6th/12th century. It purports to recount the adventures of Dārāb and his son, likewise named Dārāb, the latter representing Darius III. P. Jackson (or ABAḠA, “paternal uncle” in Mongolian; ABĀQĀ in Persian and Arabic), eldest son and first successor of the Il-khan Hülegü (q.v.; Hūlāgū). He was born of Yesünčin Ḵātūn in Jomādā I, 631/February, 1234 in Mongolia, and accompanied his father on his great expedition to the west. ʿA.-N. Monzavi a large Arabic work by Mīr Ḥāmed Ḥosayn b. Moḥammad-qolī b. Moḥammad b. Ḥāmed of Lucknow on the legitimacy of the imamate and the defense of Shiʿite theology. The book, arranged in two parts, is one of several refutations of Toḥfa eṯnāʿašarīya (specifically chap. 7) by ʿAbd-al-ʿAzīz Fārūqī Dehlavī (d. 1239/1823-24). See EBER-NĀRĪ. M. Kasheff late Sasanian name of Qešm (q.v.) island in the Straits of Hormoz. It occurs in this form (Balaḏorī, Fotūḥ, p. 386) and as Abarkāfān (Nozhat al-qolūb, p. 186), Barkāvān (Ebn Ḥawqal, p. 183; Ebn al-Aṯīr, III, p. 41), Banū Kāvān (Masʿūdī, Morūǰ I, p. 240; Ebn al-Balḵī, pp. 113-14), etc. (For a more ancient name of the island, see BROḴT.) C. E. Bosworth ancient town of lower Iraq between Baṣra and Vāseṭ, to the east of the Tigris, in the region adjacent to Ahvāz, known in pre-Islamic and early Islamic times as Mēšūn (Mid. Pers. form) or Maysān/Mayšān (Syriac and Arabic forms). The correct form of the town name is given by Dīnavarī (al-Aḵbār al-ṭewāl, pp. 68, 124). C. E. Bosworth, R. Hillenbrand (or ABARQŪYA), a town in northern Fārs; it was important in medieval times, but, being off the main routes, it is now largely decayed. H. Gaube name of Nīšāpūr province in western Khorasan. From the early Sasanian period, Nīšāpūr, which was founded or rebuilt by Šāpūr I in the first years of his reign, was the administrative center of the province. On a Sasanian clay sealing, the names of Abaršahr and Nīšāpūr appear together. In the inscription of Šāpūr I at Naqš-e Rostam and in Manichean texts, Abaršahr is mentioned in various spellings. E. Yarshater (APURSĀM in Middle Persian), a dignitary and high-ranking officeholder of the court of the Sasanian king Ardašīr I (A.D. 226-42). According to Ṭabarī (I, pp. 816, 818; cf. Ebn al-Aṯīr, I, p. 247), Abarsām became Ardašīr’s chief minister (vuzurgframaḏār ; see Nöldeke, Geschichte der Perser, p. 9, n. 2, on the reading of the title) when the king conquered Eṣṭaḵr; he was responsible for defeating the king of Ahvāz, whom Ardavān, the last Parthian king of kings, had sent against Ardašīr. C. J. Brunner Middle Persian for of the Avestan name Upāiri.saēna, designating the Hindu Kush mountains (Average. iškata; Mid. Pers. kōf, gar) of central and eastern Afghanistan. Yašt 19.3 lists it as one of the ranges envisaged as spurs of the High Harā (see Alborz), which, as the mythical world-encircling range, is the source of the mountains. C. E. Bosworth (ĀBASKŪN), a port of the medieval period on the southwest shore of the Caspian Sea in Gorgān province. Perhaps it should be connected with the Sōkanda river in ancient Hyrcania mentioned by Ptolemy (Geographia 6.9.2.). It seems to have been at or near the mouth of the Gorgān river (the Herand river in Ḥodūd al-ʿālam). N. Sims-Williams (i.e., “Father” Isaiah), late 4th century A.D., author of Christian ascetical texts; from these it appears that he was a hermit who lived in the desert of Scete in Egypt, of whom several anecdotes are told in the Apophthegmata patrum (q.v.). The generally accepted identification of him with the Monophysite Isaiah of Gaza (d. ca. 488) has recently been refuted (see R. Draguet, Les cinq recensions de l’Ascéticon syriaque d’Abba Isaïe, CSCO, Scriptores Syri, CXX-CXXIII, Louvain, 1968). W. Madelung (or SOLAYMĀN) B. ʿALĪ AL-ṢAYMARĪ, ABŪ SAHL, Muʿtazili theologian of the 3rd/9th century. Although Ebn al-Nadīm calls him a Basran, his nesba indicates that he came from Ṣaymara in southwestern Jebāl. He must have been born before the year 200/816, for his teacher in Muʿtazili theology, Hešām b. ʿAmr Fovaṭī, appears to have died not later than 218/833. R. M. Savory styled “the Great,” king of Iran (996-1038/1588-1629) of the Safavid dynasty, third son and successor of Solṭān Moḥammad Shah. He was born on 1 Ramażān 978/27 January 1571, and died in Māzandarān on Jomādā I 1038/19 January 1629, after reigning for forty-two lunar and forty-one solar years. R. M. Savory king of Iran (1052-77/1642-66) of the Safavid dynasty. The son of Shah Ṣafī, he was born on 18 Jomādā II 1043/20 December 1633, and succeeded his father on 12 Ṣafar 1052/12 May 1642, when he was only eight and a half years old; he died on 26 Rabīʿ II 1077/25 September 1666. R. M. Savory son of Shah Ṭahmāsp II, roi fainéant of the Safavid dynasty. After the deposition of his father by Nāder Khan Afšār in Rabīʿ I, 1145/August, 1732, the eight-month-old ʿAbbās was invested as ʿAbbās III on 17 Rabīʿ I 1145/ 7 September 1732 (or possibly earlier). Nāder Khan, who was the real ruler of the country, dropped his own now obviously inappropriate style of Ṭahmāsp-qolī Khan and assumed the titles of vakīl-al-dawla (deputy of the state) and nāʾeb-al-salṭana (viceroy). D. M. Dunlop leader with ʿAmr al-Azraq (Masʿūdī: al-Afvah) of an Arab invasion of the lower Euphrates region in which the Savād of Iraq was ravaged, about A.D. 589, toward the end of the reign of Hormozd IV. This event is represented by some ancient historians as part of a coalition of the enemies of Iran. The Arab invasion was probably made from Baḥrayn (see Baḷʿamī). J. Calmard a half brother of Imam Ḥosayn who fought bravely at the battle of Karbalā. ʿAbbās was killed, according to most traditions, on the day of ʿĀšurĀ (10 Moḥarram 61/10 October 680) while trying to bring back water from the Euphrates river to quench the unbearable thirst of the besieged Ahl-e Bayt (holy family). C. Cahen ŠĪRĀZĪ, ABU’L-FAŻL, Buyid vizier, d. 362/973. He first appears after the death of Mohallabī, the Shiʿi vizier of Moʿezz-al-dawla, as chief of the dīwān al-nafaqāt, the bureau of expenditures. He was subsequently charged with the functions, but not the title, of the vizierate jointly with Ebn Fasānǰos (Abu’l-Faraǰ), another official of the regime. The history of the period is characterized by rivalries among high dignitaries in the administration and their clients, the amassing of considerable fortunes, and maneuvers to force restitution from those who benefited from their positions. P. P. Soucek calligrapher and civil servant, b. at Tāker-e Nūr in Māzandarān, d. 1255/1839-40 and buried in Naǰaf. According to one account, he joined the entourage of Emām-verdī Mīrzā b. Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah, under whose protection he achieved fame and wealth, including sumptuous residences in Tehran and Tāker. But in 1251/1835, after twenty years of prosperity, ʿAbbās suffered a reverse of fortune; his home in Tāker was destroyed by a flood, and he was forced to retire from government service. See ʿABD-AL-BAHĀʾ. H. Busse son of Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah and father of the line of Qajar rulers from Moḥammad Shah on. He was born on 4 Ḏu’l-ḥeǰǰa 1203/26 August 1789 in the town of Navā, Māzandarān. His mother, Āsīya Ḵānom, was a daughter of Fatḥ-ʿAlī Khan Devellū; Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah had married her at the behest of Āqā Moḥammad Shah. A Qoyonlū on his father’s side and a Devellū on his mother’s, ʿAbbās Mīrzā, the future crown prince, united in his person the two main branches of the Qajar tribes. J. W. Allan a signature found on a number of pieces of metalwork from Iran; three different individuals or workshops should probably be distinguished. D. M. Lang Persian viceroy in eastern Georgia, 1099-1105/1688-94, under the Safavid shahs Solaymān and Solṭān Ḥosayn. ʿAbbās-qolī Khan’s ill-starred intervention in Georgian affairs arose from the Persian court’s desire to achieve direct control over the Georgian vassal provinces. This action involved a policy of divide and rule and the exploiting of dynastic feuds between the local Georgian Bagratid rulers of Kartli, residing in Tiflis, and the related Bagratid kings of neighboring Kakheti. H. Busse son of Ebrāhīm Khan Ẓahīr-al-dawla and, through his mother (the princess Dawlatgeldī, titled Navvāb-e motaʿālīa), a grandson of Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah. When Ẓahīr-al-dawla, governor of Kermān since 1218/1803, went to Tehran in 1240/1824, he appointed ʿAbbās-qolī Mīrzā as his deputy in Kermān. The latter took precedence over governor’s own twenty-one sons, thanks to his high-born mother. W. Kleiss flourishing caravan station of the Safavid period. It was located 92 km southeast of Varāmīn in the Sīāh-kūh, and it lay on the Safavid royal highway which led from Isfahan to the Safavid fortresses in Māzandarān. The itinerary was: Isfahan - Dombī - Čahārābād - Sardahān - Qaḷʿa-ye Sangī -Ḵāledābād - Āb-e Garm - Safīdāb - ʿAbbāsābād - Rāh-e Sangfarš (a causeway across the salt desert) - Rasma - Amīnābād - Fīrūzkūh (Gadōk) - Pol-e Safīd - Sārī - the fortresses of Faraḥābād and Ašraf. Kamran Ekbal fortress built in 1810 by ʿAbbās Mīrzā (q.v.) on the northern bank of the Araxes river (q.v.). Erected at a place formerly called Yazdābād about six miles to the southwest of Naḵjavān city, the fortress commanded the passage of the Araxes and was of special strategic importance for the defense of the Naḵjavān khanate. It was initially constructed on a European model, from plans furnished by Captain Lamie, a French engineer attached to the mission of General Gardane (q.v.). P. Avery, B. G. Fragner, J. B. Simmons a name first applied to the principal gold and silver coins issued by the Safavid king ʿAbbās I (1581-1629); it continued in use until the beginning of the 20th century. Y. Richard , ʿABD-AL-LAṬĪF B. ʿABDALLĀH KABĪR (d. 1048/1638), Indian literary figure. He was first attached to the retinue of Laškar Khan Mašhadī in Kabul and then to the court of Shah Jahān (1628-58), where he exercised the functions of dīvān-e tan and was given the title ʿAqīda Khan. He added a preface and supplement to the Botḵāna (q.v.) of Moḥammad Ṣūfī Māzandarānī, as well as a collection of biographical notices of poets entitled Ḵolāṣa-ye aḥvāl-e šoʿarāʾ (1021/1612-13). Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh , ABU’L-ʿABBĀS (or ABŪ ʿABDALLĀH), a Samanid poet from Rabenǰān, a city near Samarqand, south of the Soḡd river. He flourished in the first half of the 4th/10th century; a one-line fragment of his poetry praises the ruler Naṣr b. Aḥmad (r. 301-31/914-42) at the beginning of the year 331/914, and another fragment laments his passing and congratulates Nūḥ I on his accession (Lazard, Premiers poètes II, lines 1, 18-22). R. Skelton a Safavid miniature painter, whose known works include seventeen signed and dated examples executed between the years 1060/1650 and 1095/1683-84. Throughout his career it was his normal practice to sign his paintings with an obsequious formula which was written in minute characters, usually in a small rectangular panel of uncolored paper placed within the foreground vegetation. C. E. Bosworth in Iran. The aim of the present article is not to give a chronological history of Persia under ʿAbbasid rule but to examine some of the main trends affecting the political, religious, and cultural development of Persia during the period when ʿAbbasid rule was effective there—essentially from the middle of the 2nd/8th century to the opening decades of the 4th/10th century. D. Pingree (or BARJANDĪ), NEẒĀM-AL-DĪN, productive Islamic astronomer, said to have died in 934/1527-28 (although the authority for this date is unclear). F. Robinson a leading 18th century Indian theologian of the Ḥanafī school. Born in Lucknow in 1144/1731, he was the son of Mollā Neẓām-al-dīn (q.v.), a member of the Ferangī Maḥal family and founder of the Dars-e Neẓāmīya. ʿAbd-al-ʿAlī studied under his father and, sometime after the latter’s death, succeeded him. Hameed ud-Din “QAMAR,” government official, historian, biographer, translator, and grammarian in British India. He was born at Ḵorǰa near Bolandšahr in the early 19th century. His father, Ḥakīm ʿOmar Khan Aḥmadī Ḵešgī, died when ʿAbd-al-ʿAlīm was only ten years old. After his father’s death, ʿAbd-al-ʿAlīm moved to Nizamabad in Azamgarh district, where his uncle, Fatḥ Khan, was taḥsīldār (revenue officer). W. Madelung , ABU’L-QĀSEM B. ʿABDALLĀH B. ʿALĪ B. AL-ḤASAN B. ZAYD B. AL-ḤASAN B. ʿALĪ B. ABŪ ṬĀLEB, Shiʿite ascetic and transmitter buried in the main sanctuary of Ray. Little is known about his life. He must have been born before the year 200/815, probably in Medina. There he was a companion of Imams Moḥammad al-Javād (203-20/818-35) and ʿAlī al-Hādī (220-54/835-68). D. Duda painter of the Safavid period. According to the historian Qāẓī Aḥmad, both father and son were excellent painters from Kāšān. The son owed his artistic training to Shah Ṭahmāsp (930-84/1524-76) and was employed in the royal workshops at Tabrīz, but he was severely punished by the king for counterfeiting a seal, and had his ears and nose cut off. On the other hand, the historian Moṣṭafā-ʿAlī tells us that he was born in Isfahan, that Shah Ṭahmāsp was his pupil, and that he lost his nose for attempting to flee to India with another painter and a page. M. H. Siddiqi Toghay-Timurid (Janid) dynast of the Uzbeks, r. 1057-91/1647-80 in Bokhara. His father held Balḵ and Badaḵšān, while Naḏr’s elder brother, Emām-qolī, was khan at Bokhara (1020-51/1611-41). Together they maintained Uzbek independence against the advance of Safavid power in Khorasan under Shah ʿAbbās I. Emām-qolī’s diplomacy, and perhaps Naḏr’s claim to descent from Imam ʿAlī al-Reża (through his mother), helped alleviate Safavid-Uzbek hostility. See MEDICINE: MUSLIM INDIA. T. Yazici (d. 1197/1782-83), an Ottoman physician, son of the Ottoman historian Ṣobḥī. He served as chief physician at the palace and, knowing French and Latin in addition to Persian, translated into Turkish the Persian works Ašǰār o aṯmār of ʿAlāʾ-al-dīn ʿAlīšāh Ḵᵛārazmī al-Boḵārī (d. 1291?) dealing with astronomy and Borhān al-kefāya. Azduddin Khan , SHAH, celebrated Sunni theologian and mystic. Born in Delhi on 25 Ramażān 1159/11 October 1746, he claimed Arab ancestry traceable to the second caliph ʿOmar (Shah Valīallāh, al-Emdād fī maʿāṯer al-aǰdād, Delhi, n.d., p. 1). Fifteen generations of his family had lived in India, holding respectable military and academic positions throughout the Mughal period. His paternal grandfather, Shah ʿAbd-al-Raḥīm, had been among the important theologians and mystics of his time. T. Yazici (1591-1658), an Ottoman historian and the translator of some Persian works, born in Istanbul in 1000/1591. He was the son of Ḥosām-al-dīn Ḥosayn, a judge (kadi) of Rumeli. After finishing his studies he served as modarres in various madrasas, and at one point became kadi of Istanbul. Afterwards he was banished to Cyprus; but after returning from exile, he became the military judge (kadıasker) of Rumeli. He was šayḵ-al-eslām in 1061/1651 and died on 6 Rabīʿ II 1068/11 January 1658. Yu. Bregel B. ʿOBAYDALLĀH KHAN, Shaibanid ruler of Bokhara. He was born in Bokhara in 917/1511-12 or in 918/1512-13, according to Tārīḵ-e Rāqemī (see Abu’l-Ḡāzī, II, p. 239, n. 2), or in 920/1514. A. Bausani, D. MacEoin epithet assumed by ʿAbbās Effendi, the eldest son of Bahāʾallāh (q.v.), founder of the Bahaʾi movement. The epithet means “servant of the glory of God” or “servant of Bahāʾallāh.” T. Yazici (d. 1746 A.D.), Ottoman scholar, son of Shaikh Laʿlī Meḥmed, the grandson of Sarı ʿAbdallāh (q.v.), a commentator on the Maṯnavī. After receiving a good education he became the teacher of the grand vizier ʿAlī Pasha; and after the latter’s defeat in the Morea, he was banished to the island of Lemnos. Hameed ud-Din Mughal noble and biographer. He was born in 978/1570 at Julak near Nahāvand, which his ancestors had held in rent-free tenure from the Safavid king Shah Esmāʿīl. ʿAbd-al-Bāqī’s father, Ḵᵛāǰa Āqā Bābā, a Kurdish poet who had adopted the pen name of Modrekī, was appointed by Shah ʿAbbās I as the vizier and nāẓer of Hamadān. ʿAbd-al-ʿAlī Kārang , MĪR, called DĀNEŠMAND, religious scholar and notable of Azerbaijan (d. 1039/1629-30). He was learned in philosophy and mathematics and skilled in Arabic poetry. He also wrote good Persian poetry, using the pen name (taḵalloṣ) Bāqī, and was expert in the calligraphic styles called ṯolṯ, nasḵ, and nastaʿlīq. His youth was passed in Tabrīz, where he benefited from the presence of the famous calligrapher ʿAlā Beg Tabrīzī. P. P. Soucek Safavid official and poet skilled in calligraphy, killed at the battle of Čālderān (q.v.) in Raǰab 920/August 1514. He was a descendant of the founder of the Neʿmatallāhī order, Nūr-al-dīn Neʿmatallāh (q.v.; 730-834/1330-1431). F. Robinson , QĪĀM-AL-DĪN MOḤAMMAD, early 20th century Indian scholar and pīr of the Ferangī Maḥal (q.v.) family. Born in Lucknow in 1295/1878, he was descended on his father’s side from a distinguished line of pīrs and on his mother’s side from Mollā Ḥaydar, who had established the Hyderabad branch of the Ferangī Maḥal family. ʿAbd-al-Bārī was brought up in Lucknow, where he studied under many teachers, notably his uncle ʿAbd-al-Bāqī. H. Algar (ca. 1200-64/1786-1848), a scribe and minor author of the mid-Qajar period. He was born into a clerical family in Kasalān, a village in the Garmrūd area near Tabrīz. Against his father’s wishes, he entered government service early in his youth as an accountant in Mīāna. After a time he was transferred to Tabrīz, where he enjoyed the patronage first of Mīrzā Masʿūd Anṣārī and then of ʿAbbās Mīrzā, the crown prince. M. B. Badakhshani Indian scholar of Persian and Arabic. He left two works. 1. Meftāḥ al-maʿānī, a commentary in six daftars on the Maṯnavī of Rūmī, was collected by the author’s pupil, Hedāyatallāh, in 1049/1639-40. M. Baqir MEO, MAWLAVĪ MOḤAMMAD (poetical name, ḠANĪ), Indian literary scholar. He was born and raised in Farrukhabad, but the exact date of his birth is not known. He joined the education service in Hyderabad (Deccan) as a teacher of Arabic and Persian, eventually becoming chairman of the Arabic department in the Madrasa-ye Fawqānīya in Hyderabad. He died in retirement on 15 October 1916. H. Algar , ĀYATALLĀH ḤĀJJ SAYYED (1305-82/1888-1962), a Šīʿī scholar of Naǰaf, highly regarded for his learning and piety. His father, Mīrzā Esmāʿīl Šīrāzī, also a faqīh, was a cousin of the celebrated Mīrzā Ḥasan Šīrāzī (q.v.) the moǰadded, and had worked with him in establishing a new center of Šīʿī learning and guidance at Sāmarrā. W. Madelung , ʿEZZ-AL-DĪN ABŪ ḤĀMED B. HEBATALLĀH B. MOḤAMMAD B. MOḤAMMAD B. AL-ḤOSAYN AL-MADĀʾENĪ, Muʿtazilite scholar and man of letters. He was born in Madāʾen on 1 Ḏu’l-ḥeǰǰa 586/30 December 1190; his family was Shafeʿite, his father a judge. ʿAbd-al-Ḥamīd came to Baghdad at an early age, for he mentions his presence as a boy (ḡolām) at a social gathering in the house of the librarian of the Neẓāmīya college there. ... P. P. Soucek full name: ʿABD-AL-ḤAMĪD B. ʿABD-AL-MAJĪD B. ŠOKRALLĀH MALEK-AL-KALĀMĪ, calligrapher, poet, and government official. Born in Sanandaǰ in 1302/1884-85, he died in Tehran on 4 Mehr 1328 Š./26 September 1949 (Bāmbād, Reǰāl V, p. 142; Bayānī, Ḵošnevīsān, pp. 371, 376). His earliest education stressed the Koran and Islamic traditions, and he made the pilgrimage to Mecca with his father while still a boy. ... C. E. Bosworth B. MOḤAMMAD B. ʿABD-AL-SAMAD ŠĪRĀZĪ, vizier of the Ghaznavids in the late 5th/11th to early 6th/12th century. He is described as serving Sultan Ebrāhīm b. Masʿūd (451-92/1059-99) for twenty-two years and then his son Masʿūd III (492-508/1099-1115) for all sixteen years of his reign, which would mean that he first became Ebrāhīm’s vizier in 470/1077-78. He came, as did many of the Ghaznavids’ servants, from a family deeply imbued with the traditions of secretarial and official service, with origins as far back as the Samanids. ... G. C. Anawati B. ʿAMMŌYA B. YŪNOS (or YŪSOF) B. ḴALĪL TABRĪZĪ ḴOSROWŠĀHĪ, ŠAMS-AL-DĪN ABŪ MOḤAMMAD (580-652/1184-1254), physician, theologian, philosopher, and jurist. He was born in the village of Ḵosrowšāh near Tabrīz. ... D. Pingree B. TORK, ABU’L-FAŻL MOḤAMMAD, mathematician, often referred to as Ebn Tork. A native of Ḵottal (north of the Oxus and west of Badaḵšān) or Gīlān, he apparently flourished at the beginning of the 2nd/9th century. ... W. N. Brinner B. SAʿD (d. 132/750), an important figure in the development of Arabic epistolary style, especially in the stablishment of chancery style during the Omayyad period. The details of both his birth and death are in dispute; he was probably a native of Anbār on the Euphrates and may have been a descendant of a Persian captive at the battle of Qādesīya. ... R. M. Eaton 17th-century Indo-Persian historian and author of the Pādšāhnāma, the official account of the reign of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahān (1037-67/1628-57). Little is known of ʿAbd-al-Ḥamīd’s early life, as he did not come into prominence until an advanced age, after he had already retired to the city of Patna in Bihar. Looking for an historian to highlight the major events of his reign, Shah Jahān summoned ʿAbd-al-Ḥamīd to the Mughal court on the recommendation of his vizier. ... N. H. Zaidi ḤAQQĪ, noted Mughal traditionist, historian, essayist, and biographer of saints. Born at Delhi in 958/1551, he was the son of Sayf-al-dīn b. Saʿdallāh and traced his ancestry back to Āgā Moḥammad Tork, who migrated to India from Bokhara and enjoyed the rank of amir under late Ḵalǰī and early Toḡloq rulers. His father’s instruction gave him a taste for mysticism, and he also studied at Fatḥpūr Sīkrī (q.v.). ... M. Baqir full name: ʿABD-AL-ḤAYY B. ʿABD-AL-RAZZĀQ, “ṢĀREM” AWRANGĀBĀDĪ (1142-96/1729-82), administrator, poet, and biographer. In 1162/1749 the Neẓām of Hyderabad, Nāṣer Jang (1161-64/1748-50), appointed him dīvān (civil governor) of Berar, and under Ṣalābat Jang he served as governor of Awrangabad and commandant of the fort of Dawlatabad. He fell from power after his father’s dismissal in 1170/1757 but later was restored to favor, becoming dīvān of the Deccan under Neẓām ʿAlī Khan (1175-1217). ... F. Robinson MOḤAMMAD (1264-1304/1848-86), Indian theologian from the distinguished Farangī Maḥall family (q.v.). His father, Mawlavī ʿAbd-al-Ḥalīm (1239-85/1822-68), was a noted teacher, writer, and judge in Hyderabad (Deccan). His mother was a granddaughter of Malek-al-ʿolamāʾ Mollā Ḥaydar, who established the Hyderabad branch of the Farangī Maḥall family. Born in Banda, Uttar Pradesh, ʿAbd-al-Ḥayy studied under his father, Mawlavī Ḵādem Ḥosayn, and Mawlānā Neʿmatallāh. ... P. P. Soucek miniaturist of the late 8th/14th century and the beginning of the 9th/15th century. D. Duda a calligrapher at the Safavid court in Isfahan in the time of Shah ʿAbbās I. He was the pupil of the famous calligrapher Mīr ʿEmād. Mīr ʿEmād had settled in Isfahan in 1008/1599-1600, where he died in 1024/1615 or 1027/1618. ʿAbd-al-Jabbār died in Isfahan in the year 1065/1655. Among his oeuvre are a Ḵamsa of Neẓāmī in the National Library in Paris (Suppl. pers. 1029) dated 1033/1624, which includes thirty-five miniatures of Ḥaydar-qolī, and a Golestān of Saʿdī from the year 1043/1633-34 in the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin, both apparently written in Isfahan. ... D. Duda full name: ʿABD-AL-JABBĀR B. ḤĀJJĪ ʿALĪ MONŠĪ ASTARĀBĀDĪ, calligrapher of the taʿlīq script and bookpainter. He worked at the court of Khan Aḥmad II of Gīlān (943-75/1536 to 1567-68) in the latter’s first period of government. After Khan Aḥmad rebelled against Shah Ṭahmāsp and was arrested, ʿAbd-al-Jabbār went to Qazvīn, the Safavid capital, where he established an atelier for painters. ... D. M. Dunlop governor of Khorasan, executed in 142/759. An ʿAbbasid partisan, he was in command at Ṭūs in 130/748. Under the caliphs Saffāḥ and Manṣūr, he served as chief of police (ṣāḥeb al-šorṭa); he vacated that office in favor of his brother ʿOmar when Manṣūr appointed him governor of Khorasan in 140/758. Soon after his arrival there (Rabīʿ I, 141/July, 758), ʿAbd-al-Jabbār reported ʿAlid activity in Khorasan and obtained some kind of commission from Manṣūr to deal with it. ... W. Madelung B. ʿABD-AL-JABBĀR B. AḤMAD B. ḴALĪL B. ʿABDALLĀH AL-HAMADĀNĪ AL-ASADĀBĀDĪ, ʿEMĀD-AL-DĪN ABU’L-ḤASAN, qāżī al-qożāt (chief judge) of Ray and the most prominent theologian of the late Muʿtazilite school. He was born in Asadābād, southwest of Hamadān, probably between 320/932 and 325/937. His father was, according to Tawḥīdī, a peasant (fallāḥ; variant: ḥallāǰ, “cotton carder”). ... W. Madelung , NAṢĪR-AL-DĪN ABŪ RAŠĪD B. ABU’L-ḤOSAYN B. ABU’L-FAŻL, Emāmī Shiʿite scholar, preacher, and author, b. probably early in the 6th/12th century. He or his family originated from Qazvīn, but he lived most of his life in Ray. A few facts about his life can be gleaned from biographical sources and from his own Ketāb al-naqż. Among his teachers was his elder brother Awḥad-al-dīn Abū ʿAbdallāh Ḥosayn, whom he describes as the pīr and moftī of the Emāmīya in Ray and on whose authority he related Hadith. ... M. Siddiqi major 17th/18th century Indo-Muslim litterateur. He was born at Belgram in 1071/1661. His father, Mīr Aḥmad, was a noted calligrapher and philologist belonging to the Vāseṭī Sayyeds who had emigrated to Belgram in 614/1217-18. ... K. A. Nizami teacher and distinguished saint of the Selsela-ye Ḵᵛāǰagān (Naqšbandī order), d. 617/1220. His birthplace, the modern Gizhduvan in Uzbekistan, was an important commercial center, according to Samʿānī [Leiden], fol. 406b). His father, ʿAbd-al-Jamīl, had originally lived at Malatya (Melitene). At the age of 22, ʿAbd-al-Ḵāleq became the disciple of Ḵᵛāǰa Abū Yaʿqūb Yūsof Hamadānī. ... P. Oberling an Arab tribe of Ḵūzestān. It was originally affiliated with the Bani Lām tribal confederacy and resided in the region of ʿAmāra, in what is today Iraq. Around 1850, it moved to Iran. N. H. Zaidi , MONŠĪ MOḤAMMAD, early 19th century Indo-Persian historian (d. ca. 1851). At a time when ornate literary conventions still prevailed, he was notable for his simplicity of narration. In recording events, he relied on oral and written accounts of participants and eyewitnesses. He was, however, somewhat credulous and occasionally recorded nonexistent persons and events. ... M. Zand more fully: MĪR[ZĀ] ʿABD-AL-KARĪM B. MĪR ESMĀʿĪL BOḴĀRĪ, (d. after 1246/1830-31), Bokharan traveler and memorialist. Data regarding him are found in his one known work, which was left untitled (Histoire, ed. C. Schefer; see bibliog.). As his nesba shows, he was apparently born in or near Bokhara. H. Algar (or JAZĪ, 1272-1339/1856-1921), a respected religious leader of Isfahan. Born to one Mollā Mandī in the village of Gaz (or Jaz) to the north of Isfahan, he studied the religious sciences, first in Isfahan under Moḥammad Ṣādeq Ketābforūš and Mīrzā Moḥammad Ḥasan Naǰafī, then under a succession of teachers in the ʿatabāt (the shrines of Iraq), the most important of whom was Mīrzā Ḥabīballāh Raštī. ... See JĪLĪ, ʿABD-AL-KARĪM. S. Maqbul Ahmad full name: ʿABD-AL-KARĪM B. ḴᵛĀJA ʿĀQEBAT MAḤMŪD B. ḴᵛĀJA BOLĀQĪ KAŠMĪRĪ, a noted chronicler of Nāder Shah’s military campaigns. Little is known of his birth or early life. A Kashmiri by origin, ʿAbd-al-Karīm was living in Shahjahanabad (old Delhi) when Nāder Shah entered the city in 1151/1739. Being keen to perform the pilgrimage to Mecca and to visit the tombs of Muslim saints, he joined the service of Nāder Shah as a clerk (motaṣaddī) and accompanied him on his return journey to Persia. ... P. P. Soucek full name: ʿABD-AL-KARĪM B. ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN ḴᵛĀRAZMĪ, a poet and calligrapher living in western Iran during the late 9th/15th century. He is usually mentioned in relation to his brother, ʿAbd-al-Raḥīm, or his father, ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān. Various authors, including Sām Mīrzā, Qāżī Aḥmad, and Ḥakīm Shah Moḥammad Qazvīnī, speak of the great similarity between the handwriting of the two brothers. ... M. Baqir , SHAH, Sufi poet of Sind. Born in the village of Haveli, near Hala, in the district of Hyderabad, in 1101/1689, he eventually established a small settlement near his native town and named it Bhit (“sandhill”). Details of his life are lacking. After his death in 1165/1752, Ḡolām Šāh Kalhōrō (amir of Sind, 1172-85/158-71) had a mausoleum built in his honor at Bhit. It became a shrine for his followers and later devotees, who congregated there to recite and sing his poetry. ... C. P. Haase , SULTAN, Timurid ruler in Samarqand from Ramażān, 853/October, 1449 to 26 Rabīʿ I 854/8 May 1450. He was the son of Uluḡ Beg (q.v.) and Roqyā Ḵātūn Arolat (Moʿezz al-ansāb, fol. 140b.) but was raised at his grandfather Šāhroḵ’s court in Herat according to Timurid custom. Rivalries with his cousin ʿAlāʾ-al-dawla forced him to return to his father’s court in Samarqand in 1442-42, but he was brought back to Herat by his grandmother Gōhar Šād Āḡā. ... P. P. Soucek revered as the calligrapher who gave šekasta script its definitive form. Born in the Ṭālaqān district of Qazvīn about 1150/1737-38, he was educated in Isfahan where he died (1185/1771-72). Of an ascetic disposition, he is also known as Darvīš ʿAbd-al-Maǰīd (Fażāʾelī, Aṭlas, pp. 618-19; Bāmdād, Reǰāl II, p. 301). He composed poetry using as taḵalloṣ both Maǰīd and Ḵāmūš. ... D. Pingree , ABU’L-ḤOSAYN, astronomer, fl. ca. 600/1203-04; there is a manuscript dated in that year of his revision of Helāl b. Abū Helāl and Ṯābet b. Qorra’s translation of the Conica of Appolonius. ʿAbd-al-Malek also wrote a Moḵtaṣar ketāb al-maǰesṭī (“Epitome of the Almagest” [of Ptolemy]); this was translated into Persian. ... C. E. Bosworth B. MANṢŪR, ABU’L-FAVĀRES, the penultimate ruler of the Samanid dynasty in Khorasan and Transoxania, r. 389/999. In the decade of the 380s/990s, the Samanid amirate was being subverted internally by the rivalries of ambitious Turkish military commanders and was attacked externally after 382/992 by the Qarakhanid Turkish ruler from beyond the Syr Darya, Boḡra Khan Hārūn, and his successors. ʿAbd-al-Malek’s predecessor Abu’l-Ḥāreṯ Manṣūr is praised by the Ghaznavid historian Bayhaqī for his good qualities, but during his two years’ reign he was unable to break out from under the control of the Turkish general Fāʾeq Ḵāṣṣa and the vizier Abu’l-Moẓaffar Moḥammad Barḡašī. ... C. E. Bosworth , ABU’L-FAVĀRES, ruler of the Samanid dynasty in Transoxania and Khorasan, 343-350/954-61. The historian of Bokhara, Naršaḵī, and the Ghaznavid historian Gardīzī accord him the designation of al-Amīr al-Rašīd, but it appears from his coins that he was called al-Malek al-Movaffaq during his lifetime, and it seems that he was referred to after his death as al-Malek al-Moʾayyad. P. Oberling a Lek tribe of Māzandarān. Long ago (possibly during the reign of Shah ʿAbbās I, when many tribes were transplanted from western Iran to the northeastern marches), the ʿAbd-al-Malekīs were moved from Kurdistan to the Darragaz (Moḥammadābād) area of Khorasan. There they were absorbed by the Qašqāʾī tribal confederacy when it was moved from Fārs to the Darragaz, Kalāt-e Nāderī, and Saraḵs regions by Nāder Shah. ... R. D. McChesney B. ESKANDAR B. JĀNĪ BEG B. ḴᵛĀJĀ MOḤAMMAD B. ABU’L-ḴAYR, ABU’L-FATḤ, generally reckoned as the eleventh khan of the Shaibanid (Abu’l-Ḵayrī) dynasty of Māvarāʾ al-Nahr and Balḵ. He was born on 16 Raǰab 975/16 January 1568. Little is known of his early life; he was circumcised at age ten and is mentioned as having taken part in the Oloḡ Tāḡ campaign conducted by his father in the spring of 1582. ... D. Pingree 10th/16th century astronomer. He apparently was commissioned to build an observatory at Isfahan by the Safavid Shah Ṭahmāsp I (1524-76). The king would have been pursuing the aborted design of his predecessor, Shah Esmāʿīl I (1502-24), to restore the observatory at Marāḡa. ʿAbd-al-Monʿem in any case planned an observatory. About 1560 he wrote a Persian work whose title is lost in the unique manuscript; it is usually called by modern scholars the Ketāb taʿlīm ālāt-e zīǰ (“Book of instruction on astronomical instruments”). ... K. A. Nizami , SHAIKH, Mughal traditionist, for a time much esteemed by the emperor Akbar. He was a grandson of the noted Češtī saint, Shaikh ʿAbd-al-Qoddūs Gangōhī (q.v., d. 944/1537). He visited the Hejaz several times and pursued Hadith studies there. He spurned his family’s tradition of mysticism, adopting the ways of externalist scholars (ʿolamāʾ-e ẓāher) even to the extent of criticizing his father, who had written a resala in support of Sufi musical gatherings (maǰāles-e samāʿ). ... M. Baqir storyteller and poet (pen name FAḴR-AL-ZAMĀNĪ), b. about 998/1590 at Qazvīn. His father, Ḵalaf Beg, was a merchant who, after performing the pilgrimage, became a dervish, and died in 1001/1593-94 from the plague. ʿAbd-al-Nabī’s maternal grandfather, Faḵr-al-zamān, of whom he was very fond, was qāżī (judge) of Qazvīn and a direct descendant of Ḵᵛāǰa ʿAbdallāh Anṣārī. ... M. Baqir full name: ʿABD-AL-NABĪ B. QĀŻĪ ʿABD-AL-RASŪL ʿOṮMĀNĪ AḤMADNAGARĪ, 12th/18th century Gujerati scholar. Little is known about his life history, although he was allegedly affiliated with the discipline of the famous Šaṭṭārī saint and scholar, Shah Vaǰīh-al-dīn ʿAlavī. A number of books have been ascribed to him. ... E. Baer metalworker of the late 7th/13th century and early 8th/14th century. His one attested signed work is a silver and gold-inlaid brass bowl (Galleria Estense, Modena, no. 8082). It is dated Moḥarram, 705/July-August, 1305 and is the first dated specimen of a series of similarly shaped west Persian bowls with walls which strongly project up to about half their height and retract in a sharp curve toward the lip. ... T. Yazici (1839-1923), an Ottoman Sufi and poet who came originally from Balḵ. He was born at Ḵānqāh, one of the villages of the city of Qondoz. His father was Sayyed Solaymān Ḥosaynī, an important personage of the sādāt-e Ḥosaynīya (sayyeds descending from Ḥosayn). In 1272/1855-56 ʿAbd-al-Qāder went to Konya together with his father. After staying there for a time he went first to Bursa and then to Istanbul upon the invitation of the Ottoman sultan, ʿAbd-al-ʿAzīz. ... M. Baqir full name: ʿABD-AL-QĀDER B. SAYYED MOḤAMMAD HĀŠEM B. SAYYED MOḤAMMAD ḤOSAYNĪ, Persian-language poet, biographer, and commentator of Sind (fl. late 10th to early 11th cent. A.H.). Of his poetry, the only extant specimens are verses in praise of Ḵosrow Khan, a noble at the court of the Arghunid ruler at Thatta, Mīrzā Jānī Beg (993-1008/1584-99). These are found in ʿAbd-al-Qāder’s biographical work on the saints of Sind, Ḥadīqat al-awlīāʾ. ... B. Lawrence , MOḤYĪ-AL-DĪN ABŪ MOḤAMMAD B. ABŪ ṢĀLEḤ JANGĪDŌST, noted Hanbalite preacher, Sufi shaikh and the eponymous founder of the Qāderī order (selsela). He was born in 470/1077-78 in the Persian province of Gīlān (Jīlān), south of the Caspian Sea. Though his family lineage has been traced by overzealous hagiographers to Ḥasan, the grandson of the Prophet, his father’s nickname (Jangīdōst) suggests Persian descent. ... M. Aslam , MĪRZĀ (better known as MĪRZĀ MOḤAMMAD ĀḠĀ JĀN), author of Avīmāq-e Moḡol. His ancestors had served Nāder Shah and Aḥmad Shah Dorrānī; his grandfather, Mīrzā Shah Moḥammad Khan Birlas, entered the service of the British after the fall of Shah Šoǰāʿ. Eventually, after the Indian Revolt of 1857, he settled at Sonkhara in Gwalior. ... M. Baqir late Mughal biographer, commonly called ḠOLĀM QĀDER KHAN. He was the son of Mawlavī Vāṣel ʿAlī Khan, chief justice (qāżī al-qożāt) of Bengal. In is youth he enjoyed the company of two renowned historians ʿAlī Ebrāhīm Khan Ḵalīl (q.v.) and Sayyed Ḡolām Ḥosayn Khan Ṭabāṭabāʾī. ... D. Pingree , ḤASAN, 10th/16th century astronomer. Apparently from Ṭabarestān, he seems to have served the rulers of Gīlān; he dedicated his Zīǰ-e molaḵḵaṣ-e Mīrzāʾī (“Compendious astronomical tables for Mīrzā,” composed in 891/1486) to Sultan Mīrzā ʿAlī (1478-1505) and his al-Toḥfat al-neẓāmīya (“The Neẓām’s gift”) to Sultan Yaḥyā Kīā. ... K. Abu Deeb , ABŪ BAKR B. ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN, celebrated grammarian, rhetorician, and literary theorist, born in Gorgān (date unknown), where he died in 471/1078. Despite his fame and the fact that one of his earliest biographers, Bāḵarzī, was a neighbor of his, little is known about his life and education. The richness of cultural life in Gorgān in his time is evident from the range and depths of his interests and vast knowledge, particularly as he is reported to have received his education in Gorgān itself, not traveling “in search of knowledge” as was customary. ... See BAḠDĀDĪ, ʿABD-AL-QĀHER. P. Oberling an eastern Arabian tribe. In ancient times, it moved from what is today the province of al-ʿĀreż to the island of Baḥrayn and the nearby coastal areas. The ʿAbd-al-Qays and other tribes of the Persian Gulf littoral frequently raided southern Iran. When he became of age, Šāpūr II (q.v.; r. A.D. 309-79) made it his first order of business to punish these predators. He led an army across the Persian Gulf and devastated large parts of Arabia and Syria, slaughtering most of the ʿAbd-al-Qays on the way. ... R. D. McChesney B. SOLṬĀN PĀYANDA MOḤAMMADZĀY SARDĀR, called ŠAGASĪ, prominent Afghan military and political figure of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was born around 1840, a nephew of the Amīr Dūst Moḥammad Khan, and was associated early with ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān b. Moḥammad Afżal b. Dūst Moḥammad. In the late 1860s he was governor of Tāšqorḡān while Afghan Turkestan was under ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān’s control. ... B. B. Lawrence Indo-Muslim saint and litterateur, pivotal member in the Ṣāberīya Češtīya, a branch limited to present-day Uttar Pradesh and Pakistan but enormously influential among the ımigréelite of that large region. Żīā-al-dīn Sajjādī , ŻĪĀ-AL-DĪN B. ABU’L-FATḤ, poet, grammarian, and physician, first attached to the court of Ḵosrow Malek (555-82/1160-76), the last Ghaznavid sultan. After the Ghurids seized power, he served them, and they respected him for his skill. The major portion of his poetry apparently has been lost. ... M. A. Chaghatai calligrapher of India (fl. late 10th-11th cent.). He was a native of Herat but, as a young man, went to India and entered the service of ʿAbd-al-Raḥīm Ḵān Ḵānān. According to the Maʾāṯer-e Raḥīmī, he gained a wide reputation for his nastaʿlīq hand while writing manuscripts for the Ḵān Ḵānān’s library. ... D. Pingree astronomer, d. 1026/1617. Nothing further seems to be known of his life. Two of his works survive: al-Zīǰ fi’l-falak (“Astronomical tables on the sphere”), and Resāla fi’l-kawākeb al-ṯābeta (“Epistle on the fixed star”). P. P. Soucek calligrapher and poet active in western Iran during the second half of the 9th/15th century. Apparently born and trained in Shiraz, where his father worked as a calligrapher, ʿAbd-al-Raḥīm’s style of calligraphy was influential there until the late 9th/15th century. The exact date of ʿAbd-al-Raḥīm’s birth is unknown; but a piece of calligraphy now in Istanbul states that it was copied during his 11th year, suggesting that he began his training at an early age. ... W. Madelung , ABU’L-ḤOSAYN, Muʿtazilite theologian of Baghdad. He must have been born before 220/835, since he began his theological studies still under the Muʿtazilite Jaʿfar b. Mobaššer (d. 234/848-49). His chief teacher of kalām (theology) seems to have been ʿĪsā b. Hayṯam Ṣūfī. He was also noted for his learning in Hadith and the law of inheritance (farāʾeż). ... Fazlur Rahman late Mughal scholar and the father of Shah Valīallāh (q.v.; d. 1138/1726). Born about 1053-54/1643-44, ʿAbd-al-Raḥīm was the second of three sons of Vaǰīh-al-dīn, a military officer of remarkable courage and integrity in the army of the Mughal emperors Shah Jahān and Awrangzēb. ... N. H. Zaidi (or ḴĀN-E ḴĀNĀN) B. MOḤAMMAD BAYRAM BEG ḴĀN ḴĀNĀN, distinguished general and statesman, patron of artists and poets. He was born at Lahore in 964/1556 (Maʾāṯer-e Raḥīmī II, p. 234) and was of the Bahārlū clan of the Qara Qoyonlū. In 1562, the year following his father’s assassination, he was brought to Akbar’s court, where he was raised. ... , AMIR. See AFGHANISTAN x. I. Abbas , ABŪ BAKR, a Hanafite jurist (d. 439/1047). Though originally from Saraḵs, he grew up in Baghdad, where his shaikh was the well-known Hanafite scholar Qodūrī (428/1037). He left Baghdad for Ḵūzestān, where Ebn al-Moštarī (436/1044), judge under the Buyid sultan Abū Kālīǰār, appointed him as the judge of Baṣra. A lean and not an outspoken person, Saraḵsī did not impress the Buyid vizier. ... H. H. Biesterfeldt Syrian author, a contemporary of Saladin (d. 589/1193). Although his nesba is also given as Šīrāzī, Tabrīzī, etc., his Syrian origin is attested by Ebn Qāżī Šohba (d. 874/1470; see his al-Kawākeb al-dorrīya fiʾ l-sīrat al-Nūrīya, ed. M. Zāyed, Beirut, 1971, pp. 70f.); and he shows a familiarity with north Syrian local units of weight, drugs, and trade conditions. ... P. Kunitzsch , ABU’L-ḤOSAYN, astronomer, especially well versed in knowledge of the fixed stars, b. 291/903 in Ray, d. 376/986. He seems to have spent his life in close relationship to the rulers of the Buyid dynasty in Iran and Mesopotamia, especially ʿAżod-al-dawla (d. 372/983). By his own statement, he visited Dīnavar in 335/946-47, and Isfahan in 337/948-49. ... M. G. Morony , ABŪ SAʿĪD, Arab general who campaigned in Sīstān; d. 50/670. He was a Meccan of the clan of ʿAbd Šams and a maternal cousin of ʿOṯmān b. ʿAffān. Originally called ʿAbd-al-Kaʿba, he was renamed ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān by Moḥammad when he converted to Islam. His public career began in the caliphate of ʿOṯmān, who relied on solidarity among his own kinsmen in governing the state. ... R. D. MacChesney an Uzbek amir of the Ūšūn (or Oyšūn) tribe (olūs) and a major military-administrative figure in Balḵ in the first half of the 11th/17th century. The record of his career, which spans more than three decades, begins with his participation in a campaign in Badaḵšān. The Toghay-timurid (Janid) ruler of Bokhara, Valī-Moḥammad Khan, had sent his nephew, Naḏr-Moḥammad b. Dīn-Moḥammad, to suppress the “Chaḡatāy mīrza,” Mīrzā Ḥasan, apparently in 1014/1605. ... Hameed ud-Din 17th century Mughal saint and biographer. He belonged to the Ṣāberī branch of the Češtī order (selsela), which had been founded at Kalyar (Saharanpur district, U.P., India) by ʿAlāʾ-al-dīn ʿAlī b. Aḥmad Ṣāber (d. 690/1291), a disciple of the illustrious Farīd-al-dīn Ganǰ-e Šakar of Pakpattan (d. 663/1265). ... P. P. Soucek calligrapher specializing in nastaʿlīq, active during the middle decades of the 9th/15th century. His earliest known work is dated to 839/1436 and his latest to 866/1462. During this period he resided first in Shiraz and then in Baghdad. The Turkish historian Moṣṭafā-ʿAlī claims that ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān lived until 886/1481 and was in the employ of Yaʿqūb b. Ḥasan Āq Qoyonlū, but this statement does not appear to be supported by other evidence and may derive from a confusion of ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān with his son ʿAbd-al-Raḥīm, who was a close associate of Yaʿqūb Āq Qoyonlū. ... DEHLAVĪ. See ŠĀHNAVĀZ KHAN. Y. Bregel full name: MĪRZĀ MOLLĀ ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN B. MOḤAMMAD LAṬĪF MOSTAJERR SAMARQANDĪ, late 19th century secretary (mīrzā). A Tajik, he was a native of Samarqand. For some years he was interpreter and secretary for the Russian orientalist, A. L. Kuhn, with whom he traveled in Central Asia. In 1870 they took part in a Russian military expedition to the lake Iskandar Kul in the upper Zarafšān valley (in the regions of Masča and Fālḡar). ... W. M. Thackston , SHAIKH, noted lexicographer attached to the court of the Mughal ruler Shah Jahān. He was born in Thatta, Sind, but little else is known of his life. Of his two dictionaries, the Arabic-Persian Montaḵab al-loḡat-e Šāh Jahānī, known as Rašīdī-e ʿarabī, was compiled from al-Qāmūs al-moḥīṭ of Maǰd-al-dīn Fīrūzābādī. ... P. P. Soucek a calligrapher and poet who served the Mughal ruler Shah Jahān (1037-58/1628-58). Born in Qazvīn to a family of Ḥasanī sayyeds, he studied calligraphy with his maternal uncle, Mīr ʿEmād Ḥasanī (q.v.), probably during the latter’s residence in Isfahan (ca. 1008-24/1599-1615; Bayānī, Ḵošnevīsān II, pp. 393, 521-26). After the assassination of Mīr ʿEmād in 1024/1615, his associates went into hiding and then fled Iran. ... C. E. Bosworth ʿEZZ-AL-DAWLA B. MAḤMŪD B. SEBÜKTIGĪN, Ghaznavid sultan, r. 441-44/1050-53. He succeeded to the amirate after the death of Mawdūd b. Masʿūd in Raǰab, 441/December, 1049 and the brief reigns of the child Masʿūd b. Mawdūd and of Bahāʾ-al-dawla ʿAlī b. Masʿūd. The actual date of ʿAbd-al-Rašīd’s accession is given by Ebn Bābā Qāšānī in his Ketāb raʾs māl al-nadīm. ... D. Duda name of two artists of the Safavid period. ... Hameed ud-Din full name: MĪR ʿABD-AL-RAZZĀQ B. MĪR ḤASAN-ʿALĪ ḤOSAYNĪ ḴᵛĀFĪ AWRANGĀBĀDĪ, titled NAVVĀB ṢAMṢĀM-AL-DAWLA ŠĀHNAVĀZ KHAN ṢAMṢĀM JANG, Mughal official and biographer, chiefly famous as the author of Maʾāṯer al-omarāʾ. He was descended from the Sayyeds of Ḵᵛāf, and one of his ancestors, Mīr Kamāl-al-dīn, had migrated to India in the reign of Akbar (1556-1605). ... W. Madelung 11th/17th-century theologian and philosopher (and poet under the pen name FAYYĀŻ). Little is known about his life; he came from Lāhīǰān but lived most of his later life in Qom. His teacher in philosophy was Mollā Ṣadrā Šīrāzī (d. 1050/1641). In his works Lāhīǰī frequently refers to him in laudatory terms as our teacher (ostāḏonā), and his dīvān contains several eulogies of him. ... E. Baer metalworker of the second half of the 6th/12th century. Two bronze objects are known which bear his signature, and these indicate (in agreement with his nesba) a Khorasanian workshop. These are a perfume sprinkler (Berlin, no. I 3565) and an inkwell (MMA, no. 48.108). Both objects are cast. The fluted body of the sprinkler and the cylindrical shape of the inkwell and its cover with a fluted dome are typical products of Khorasan in this period. ... J. Aubin first leader of the Sarbadār uprising of Bayhaq. His career, like the entire history of the Sarbadār’s, is related in a contradictory fashion by the Timurid period chroniclers. With appropriate details, he is pictured as violent and dissolute. Büchner (“Serbedārs,” EI1 IV, pp. 231-33) is astonished at this depiction, and Petrushevskiĭ sees in it the desire of “feudal” historiography to blacken the instigator of a popular uprising. ... J. R. Perry B. NAJAF-QOLĪ KHAN DONBOLĪ (1176-1243/1762-63 to 1827-28), literary biographer, poet, and historian of the early Qajar period. ʿAbd-al-Razzāq came of a family of turkicized Kurds, the Donbolī, who had long been dominant in the region of Ḵoy and Salmās in western Azerbaijan. His father Naǰaf-qolī served in Nāder Shah’s army and was appointed governor general (beglerbegī) of Tabrīz on his return to Azerbaijan in 1155/1742. ... See KĀŠĀNĪ. C. P. Haase , KAMĀL-AL-DĪN B. JALĀL-AL-DĪN ESḤĀQ, historian and scholar, b. 12 Šaʿbān 816/7 November 1413 in Herat, a son of the qāżī and imam of the Timurid ruler Šahroḵ’s court, d. Jomādā II, 887/July-August, 1482. He dedicated a commentary on the grammar of ʿAżod-al-dīn Īǰī (q.v.) to Šāhroḵ and was appointed qāżī of the court and royal camp after his father’s death in 841/1437. ... C. E. Bosworth , ABU’L-FATḤ B. AḤMAD B. ḤASAN, Ghaznavid vizier of the middle years of the 5th/11th century. He was the son of the famous minister of sultans Maḥmūd and Masʿūd I, Šams-al-kofāt Aḥmad b. Ḥasan Maymandī (q.v., d. 424/1032). The Maymandī family served the Ghaznavids for at least three generations. ... M. Bayat AMĪR MOʾAYYAD (d. 1249/1833), deputy-governor and powerful noble of Yazd. His father, Moḥammad-Ṭaqī Khan Bāfqī, had for forty years (in the Zand and early Qajar periods) dominated the political scene in Yazd and Kermān, either through direct rule or through his numerous sons and sons-in-law whom he had appointed to various local government posts. D. MacEoin , ḤĀJJ, SARKĀR ĀQĀ, fifth head of the Kermānī branch of the Šayḵī school of Shiʿism. Eldest son of the fourth head, Ḥāǰǰ Abu’l-Qāsem Khan, he was a great-grandson of the founder of the Kermān school, Ḥāǰǰ Moḥammad Karīm Khan. Born in Kermān on 7 Rabīʿ II 1340/8 December 1921, he studied there before spending a year at agricultural college in Tehran. ... M. Baqir B. YŪSOF ANṢĀRĪ, Mughal editor and author. He was a nephew of Akbar’s prime minister, Shaikh Abu’l-Fażl ʿAllāmī (q.v.). Soon after his uncle’s assassination in 1602, ʿAbd-al-Ṣamad began to collect his official letters. He completed this collection in 1015/1606-07. M. Bayat , FAḴR-AL-DĪN (d. 1216/1801), faqīh, author, and well-known Sufi master of the Neʿmatallāhī order. Sources do not give the date of his birth; they only mention that he was over sixty years of age when he died. In the holy cities of Naǰaf and Karbalā he studied the traditional religious sciences with the leading moǰtaheds of the time, Moḥammad-Bāqer Behbahānī, Sayyed Mahdī Baḥr-al-ʿolūm, and Sayyed ʿAlī Ṣāḥeb, and received the license of eǰtehād. ... S. Maqbul Ahmad DELĪR JANG, SAYF-AL-DAWLA, 17th-18th century north Indian politician, administrator, and patron of the arts. His real name was Ḵᵛāǰa ʿAbd-al-Raḥīm b. ʿAbd-al-Karīm. He belonged to a family from Samarqand which claimed descent from the illustrious 15th century Naqšbandī saint Ḵᵛāǰa Aḥrār (q.v.). Born in Agra during a short visit by his parents to India, he was taken back to Samarqand where he was educated and brought up. ... P. P. Soucek painter, calligrapher, and courtier; he entered the service of Homāyūn at Kabul in 956/1549 and remained an important artistic and governmental figure under Akbar (963-1014/1556-1605). Still active in 1008/1600, he appears to have died before the accession of Jahāngīr in 1014/1605. A painting recently in the art market bears an inscription stating it was painted by ʿAbd-al-Ṣamad during his 85th year, despite failing health, as a keepsake for his son (Moḥammad) Šarīf. ... A. Camps author and translator in the reigns of Akbar and Jahāngīr. He was a pupil of the Jesuit missionary at the Mughal court, Father Jerome Xavier (q.v.; 1549-1617), and collaborated in the latter’s Merʾāt al-qods yaʿnī dāstān-e ḥażrat-e ʿĪsā, a life of Christ. The work’s preface gives a date of completion in 1602, and the translation may have been done during Akbar’s Deccan campaign of 1598-1601. ... O. Watson a potter whose signature is found on a blue and black underglaze painted dish dated 971/1563. The center of the dish is decorated with a formal arabesque mesh, surrounded by a series of roundels containing the signs of the zodiac. The dish is important not only for its signature, but for the fact that it is one of the few pieces of pottery that can be securely dated to the 16th century. It is now preserved in the Islamic Museum, East Berlin. T. Yazici the son of a shaikh of the Naqšbandī order. Originally from Hamadān, he migrated to Egypt; after staying in a Mawlavī hospice in Cairo, he went to Medina, where he died in 954/1547. ʿAbd-al-Vahhāb reviewed and re-wrote Aflākī’s (q.v.) Manāqeb al-ʿārefīn, correcting some errors, removing some stories and tales, and inserting others with special attention to the histories and genealogies, and gave his work the title Ṯawāqeb al-manāqeb-e awlīāʾ Allāh. ... D. Pingree , ABŪ ʿOBAYD, pupil of Ebn Sīnā (980-1037), whose Resāla dar handasa (“Epistle on geometry”) he published after his master’s death (Storey, II/1, p. 3, no. 4). ʿAbd-al-Vāḥed wrote a Kayfīyat tartīb al-aflāk (“Manner of the arrangement of the celestial spheres”) and a treatise on times and eclipses. P. Nwyia (d. 177/793), Sufi, the leading personality among the ascetics trained in the school of Ḥasan Baṣrī (Lesān al-mīzān IV, p. 80). He established at ʿAbbādān (modern Ābādān) a Sufi house (rebāṭ) which Abu’l-ʿAtāhīa praised as a “beneficent innovation” (Dīvān, Beirut, 1909, p. 218). There Sufis gathered in a more or less stable community dedicated to prayer “in renunciation of the world” and, no doubt, in assemblies for recollection of God’s name (maǰāles al-ḏekr). ... F. Cağman and P. P. Soucek calligrapher active during the first half of the 10th/16th century. He is said to have been a disciple of Solṭān-ʿAlī Mašhadī; however, the only known manuscripts by him appear to have been copied in Turkey. Copies of the Persian Dīvān of Sultan Salīm I written by him are preserved in Istanbul (Topkapi Saray Library, Revan 737 and 738; Plate VII) and Tehran (the former Imperial Library). Another manuscript now in Tehran bears the notation that it was made on the order of Sultan Solaymān. ... D. Pingree 8th/14th century author. There is no positive proof that this individual was a Persian, though his association with Persians makes that conclusion plausible. His extant commentary on Naṣīr-al-dīn Ṭūsī’s Sī faṣl dar taqwīm or Resāla fī maʿrefat al-taqwīm (“Epistle on knowing the calendar”) was composed in 797/1394-95, while Ḥāǰǰī Ḵalīfa ascribes to him a commentary on the Molaḵḵaṣ fiʾ l- hayʾa (“Compendium of astronomy”) written by Jaḡmīnī in the early 14th century, as well as a Manẓūma fiʾ l-asṭorlāb (“Didactic poem on the astrolabe”), which he composed for his pupil, Moḥammad Šāh Fenārī. ... P. Saran chief judge (qāżī) in the reign of the Mughal emperor Awrangzēb. He was a native of Patan in Gujerat. The Bohrās (Vyohāra), a community of Hindu merchants, had converted to Shiʿite Islam in the 11th century but became Sunnites in the reign of Maḥmūd Begrā (1459-1511 A.D.). ʿAbd-al-Vahhāb’s learned grandfather, Sayyed Moḥammad Ṭāher Bohrā, was ruthless in persecuting the non-orthodox. ... P. P. Soucek a calligrapher of the 10th/16th century who lived most of his life in Mašhad. His fame derives largely from his association with his uncle, Solṭān-ʿAlī Mašhadī (q.v.), who treated ʿAbd-al-Vahhāb as a son. Neither his birth nor his death dates are known, but Qāżī Aḥmad remarks that during his residence in Mašhad (ca. 965-74/1557-67) ʿAbd-al-Vahhāb was a man of eighty. ... H. Javadi “NAŠĀṬ,” Qajar official and poet, born in 1759 into a family of well-known sayyeds in Isfahan, who were originally from Jahrom in Fārs. His grandfather ʿAbd-al-Vahhāb, being the governor of Isfahan, had left considerable wealth to his children. The young ʿAbd-al-Vahhāb was given a thorough traditional education, which included studies in Persian and Arabic literatures as well as theology, mathematics, and logic. ... A. Schimmel SARMAST ĀŠKĀR, late 18th-early 19th century Sindhi mystical poet. Sačal is one of the numerous poets in the Indus valley who composed mystical poetry not only in their native tongue, Sindhi, and its northern dialect, Siraiki, but also in Urdu and Persian. The grandson of a noted faqir, ʿAbd-al-Vahhāb was born in 1739 in Daraz (Drazan) near Ranipur in the Khaipur district of Upper Sind. He was educated in the local madrasa (traditional school), where he acquired knowledge of both Arabic and Persian; his uncle, ʿAbd-al-Ḥaqq, instructed him in the mystical path and is praised by him as his true pīr. ... Ẕ. Ṣafā full name: EMĀM BADĪʿ-AL-ZAMĀN ʿABD-AL-VĀSEʿ B. ʿABD-AL-JĀMEʿ ḠARJESTĀNĪ JABALĪ, Persian poet, d. 555/1160. He was born to an ʿAlid family of Ḡarǰestān; to judge from his writing, he was well educated, especially in literature. He wrote panegyrics for Toğrel Takīn b. Moḥammad, who in 490/1097 gained control of Ḵᵛārazm. ... M. Dandamayev region in western Media, mentioned in Neo-Assyrian royal inscriptions and annals (for references see S. Parpola, Neo-Assyrian Toponyms, Neukirchen-Vluyn, 1970, p. 2). The Assyrians received horses and other tribute from it. In the inscription of Shalmaneser III, it is placed southeast of Parsua and northeast of Bīt-Hamban (q.v.; see D. Schroeder, Keilschrifttexte aus Assur historischen Inhalts, Heft 2, Leipzig, 1922, no. 113, col. IV, line 14). The Assyrian king Adad-nirari III (810-783 B.C.) claims that he conquered it. ... C. J. Brunner (Pkt. Avadagaṣa), “great king” of the Pahlava dynasty in Drangiana, Arachosia, Gandhāra, and perhaps loosely over the Indus region. He was a “nephew of Gondophares” (Pkt. gadaphara-bhrataputra), whom he succeeded, ruling ca. 50-60 A.D. Abdagases’ existence is attested solely by his coinage in copper and billon; it imitates Gondophares’ principal coin types and also bears that king’s tamga (perhaps a clan device). ... B. Reinert an eccentric religious devotee of Kūfa, who also lived for periods at Baghdad, late 2nd/8th to early 3rd/9th centuries. He and the “ʿAbdakites” who were named after him advanced the teaching that the acquisition and possession of worldly goods was permissible only under a righteous leader of the Muslim theocracy. Thus such activities were unlawful in their own time, and a person should acquire only what was absolutely necessary for survival (qūt). ... J. Chabbi (sing. badal/badīl, pl. abdāl/bodalāʾ), an Arabic technical term designating one of the categories of awlīāʾ (“friends of God,” Muslim saints). According to classical Sufi theory, as formulated in the 4th/10th century, a fixed number of abdāl/awlīāʾ are chosen by God and, by their presence, preserve universal equilibrium, especially during periods between prophets. They transmit baraka “blessing” and are considered able to perform karāmāt “charismata” but not moʿǰezāt “miracles,” which are the prerogatives of anbīāʾ “prophets. ... E. Glassen or ṬĀLEŠ (other forms of his name in Safavid sources are DEDE BEG QŪRČĪBĀŠĪ, ABDĀL ʿALĪ BEG, ʿABDĀL BEG), one of the seven trusted Qezelbāš amirs (ahl-e eḵteṣāṣ) who, after the death of Solṭān ʿAlī (898/1493), accompanied the latter’s young brother and designated master of the Safavid order, Esmāʿīl, to Lāhīǰān, where he found refuge from the persecution of the Āq Qoyonlū rulers. ... M. Imam , ḴᵛĀJA ABŪ AḤMAD, described by Jāmī as the foremost among the shaikhs of Češt. He was born in 260/874 (on 3 Jomādā II, according to Sawāṭeʿ al-anwār and Merʾāt al-asrār, but on 6 Ramażān, according to Ḵazīnat al-aṣfīāʾ). His father, Solṭān Farasnāfa, belonged to the local nobility. ... T. Yazici (1244-1303/1828-86), a Turkish poet who also wrote poetry in Persian. He was born in Konya. As his family was poor, he did not receive a systematic education. He entered the convent of Mawlānā Jalāl-al-dīn Rūmī and became the disciple of Emir Şah Kaygusuz, the keeper of the mausoleum (türbedar). After completing his studies with the Emir Şah, he took the pen name Abdāl; previously he had used Šemʿī, Nūrī, Šemsī and Nīāzī as pen-names. ... C. M. Kieffer ancient name of a large tribe, or more particularly of a group of Afghan tribes, better known by the name of Dorrānī since the reign of Aḥmad Šāh Dorrānī (1747-72). This tribal confederation groups the Pashtun clans of the west, which are to be distinguished from the Ḡilzī (sing. Ḡilzay), comprising those of the east. The eponymous ancestor of the Abdālī is said to be Abdāl, son of Tarīn, son of Ḵaršbūn. ... L. Mackie name appearing on four diverse, high-quality silks of the first half of the 17th century. While ʿAbdallāh could refer to a designer or weaver, it is more likely that he was a workshop entrepreneur who ordered a variety of silks inscribed with his name (the equivalent of 20th century labels). This is suggested by the structural and stylistic diversity of the four silks, three of which have motifs prominent in European and Mughal drawing. The patterns, drawing, and scale appear to parallel and be adapted from contemporary artistic styles. ... I. H. Siddiqi author of Tārīḵ-e Dāʾūdī, fl. early 17th century. Little is known of him personally. His history covers the Afghan rulers of the Delhi sultanate from the childhood of Sultan Bahlūl Lōdī (1451-89) to the fall of Sultan Moḥammad ʿĀdel Šāh Sūr (killed in 1555-56); the work is named after Dāʾūd Šāh Karranī (killed in 1576), the last Afghan ruler of eastern Hindustan. ... S. de Laugier de Beaureceuil AL-HERAVĪ, ABŪ ESMĀʿĪL, in Persian commonly called ḴᵛĀJA ʿABDALLĀH ANṢĀRĪ, one of the outstanding figures in Khorasan in the 5th/11th century: commentator of the Koran, traditionist, polemicist, and spiritual master, known for his oratory and poetic talents in Arabic and Persian. See EBN AL-BAYṬĀR. J. Lassner B. KORAYZ, ABŪ ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN, Arab general and governor active in Iran, b. in Mecca in 4/626. He belonged to the clan of ʿAbd Šams and was related to the future caliph ʿOṯmān b. ʿAffān. The latter, upon assuming the caliphate as a compromise candidate, found himself increasingly isolated from the old Muslims politically arrayed against him. ... C. P. Haase called Mīrzā Solṭān ʿAbdallāh Šīrāzī, grandson of Tīmūr’s son Šāhroḵ, born 27 Raǰab 836/19 March 1433 in Shiraz of Mehr Solṭān Ḵātūn, daughter of Alūčehra. By Šāhroḵ’s command he succeeded his father in the government of Fārs at the latter’s death. D. Pingree , ABŪ ḤAKĪM, mathematician, d. 476/1083-84. He was the pupil of Ḥosayn b. Moḥammad al-Vannī (killed in Baghdad in Ḏu’l-ḥeǰǰa, 451/January-February, 1060). According to Ebn Ḵallekān (tr. de Slane, I, p. 421), Ḵabrī wrote a Talḵīṣ fi’l-ḥesāb (“Summary concerning computation”). ŠĪRĀZĪ. See WAṢṢĀF. L. Richter-Bernburg B. BAḴTAVAYH, ABU’L-ḤOSAYN, medical author of the early 5th/11th century, of Vāseṭī background. His own name as well as his father’s name suggest that he may have been a convert to Islam, for ʿAbdallāh is a name typical of a neophyte. His father and grandfather, to judge from their Syro-Persian names, appear to have belonged to the indigenous Christian—probably Nestorian—Aramaic speaking population of Mesopotamia. ... D. M. Dunlop B. ẒABYĀN B. AL-ṢALT AL-SOLAMĪ, ABŪ ṢĀLEḤ, Arab military leader, governor of Khorasan, partisan of ʿAbdallāh b. al-Zobayr, d. 72/691-92. His adventurous life illustrates the possibilities open during the Arab conquests to men with the requisite qualities, irrespective of birth. Ebn Ḵāzem was apparently the son of a black mother whose name is variously given. ... H. Halm legendary founder of the Qarmatian-Ismaʿili doctrine and alleged forefather of the Fatimid dynasty. He is featured in an account dating back to an early 4th/10th century author, Ebn Rezām, which was disseminated by opponents of the Ismaʿilis. This account was the source upon which Aḵū Moḥsen, a šarīf of Damascus, drew for his widely circulated polemic against the Ismaʿilis (mid-4th/10th century); parts of it survive as lengthy quotations in Maqrīzī, Ebn al-Davādārī, Ebn Šaddād (in Ebn al-Aṯīr) and Nowayrī. ... D. M. Dunlop B. ʿABDALLĀH B. JAʿFAR AL-ṬAYYĀR B. ABŪ ṬĀLEB, a Talebid rebel in western Iran in 127-29/944-47. Of his birth and early life the sources tell us only that he was of noble Hāšemi descent on both sides. P. Nwyia , ABŪ ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN, 118-81/736-97, traditionist. The earliest notices of him date from the 4th/10th century, and their vivid depiction of his personality indicate how alive his memory remained in the Muslim community. ʿA. N. Monzavī , ABŪ BOḤAYR B. ḠANIM B. SAMʿĀN ASADĪ NAṢRĪ, Shiʿite governor of Ahvāz under the caliph Manṣūr (136-58/754-75), remembered as the transmitter of a short text, Resāla Ahwāzīya, addressed to him by Imam Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq. According to a story related by ʿAmmār Seǰestānī, ʿAbdallāh was a Zaydī Shiʿite before he met the Imam on a trip to Medina. ... ʿA. Ḥabībī B. DĀVŪD VĀʿEẒ BALḴĪ, ABŪ BAKR, also known as ṢAFĪ AL-DĪN VĀʿEẒ, the author of an Arabic monograph on the city of Balḵ (d. after 610/1213). Little is known of his life except for a few references found in his work. He flourished in the 6th-7th/12th-13th century. He traveled in Khorasan and was in Bokhara in 582/1192 (Fażāʾel, pp. 166, 213). ... D. Pingree B. ABU’L-MOṬAHHAR AL-MAʿADĀNĪ, ŠAMS-AL-DĪN, an expert in geometry and the science of the stars, d. at Isfahan in late 570/1174-75. He apparently wrote works in both Persian and Arabic; none survives, and even the titles are unknown. C. E. Bosworth ḎU’L-YAMĪNAYN, governor of Khorasan for the ʿAbbasid caliphs (213-30/828-45) and most outstanding of the line of Taherid governors there. His tenure of power lasted for seventeen years, compared with the short ones of his father (less than two years) and of his brother and predecessor Ṭalḥa (six years), and so it was primarily he who established the fame and splendor of the Taherids and acquired a permanent place in later Arabic literature and culture. ... See ʿABDALLĀH MORVĀRĪD. H. Algar (1256-1328/1840-1910), theologian (moǰtahed) and a prominent leader of the constitutional movement. Born in Naǰaf in 1256/1840, he was descended from a prominent Shiʿite scholar of Baḥrayn, ʿAbdallāh al-Belādī from the village of al-Ḡorayfa, whose numerous offspring migrated to various centers of learning in Iraq and Iran. The task of ʿAbdallāh Behbahānī’s education was at first assumed by his father, Sayyed Esmāʿīl; but he later studied under more prominent scholars in Naǰaf, such as Ḥosayn Kūhkamaraʾī, Mīrzā Ḥasan Šīrāzī, and Shaikh Rāżī Naǰafī. ... P. P. Soucek a painter active in Bokhara during the middle decades of the 16th century. His paintings are very similar in theme and execution to those of his contemporary Maḥmūd Moḏahheb, who may have been trained in Herat. Both painters appear to have been in the employ of the Shaibanid Abu’l-Ḡāzī ʿAbd-al-ʿAzīz (q.v.; 947-57/1540-49). Paintings signed by ʿAbdallāh are of two types: compositions showing strong influence from Herat painting of the late 15th and early 16th centuries and studies of couples, often in a garden setting, a theme which appears to have been especially popular in Bokhara. ... P. P. Soucek , ŠEHĀB-AL-DĪN (“Ṭabbāḵ” or “Āšpaz”), mid-8th/15th century calligrapher active in Herat, Samarqand, and Mašhad. His major contribution appears to have been in designing monumental inscriptions for the Timurids, but he seems also to have worked as a gilder in the manuscript ateliers. A native of Herat, he apparently became a member of the Timurid court workshop during the reign of Šāhroḵ. ... P. P. Soucek a scribe and poet in the service of the Mughal emperors Akbar and Jahāngīr. While in their employ he signed calligraphy as Moškīn-qalam and composed poetry under taḵalloṣ Vaṣfī. B. W. Robinson court painter, b. ca. 1770; d. ca. 1850. Very little is known of him personally. R. Murdoch Smith, who had access to reliable oral sources, wrote that he “died at a great age in the beginning of the present Shah’s reign” (sc. Nāṣer-al-dīn, acc. 1848; Persian Art, London, 1876, p. 78). ... Yu. Bregel a ruler of Transoxania of the Šaybānīd (q.v.) dynasty, born in the year of the Dragon (thus Šarafnāma-ye šāhī; = 1532-33 A.D., 938-39 A.H., cf. W. Barthold in EI1 I, p. 26). In 918/1512-13, when the Šaybānī state was divided into appanages between the members of the ruling clan, ʿAbdallāh’s grandfather Jānībek Solṭān received the region of Karmīna and Mīānkāl. ... M. H. Siddiqi 10th/16th century Mughal noble and general and also briefly an autonomous ruler. H. Algar , SHAIKH (1256-1330/1840-1912), a theologian (moǰtahed) who, through his fatvās and proclamations, lent powerful support to the constitutional movement. He was born in Bārforūš (present-day Āmol); in his early youth, after preliminary studies in Iran, he proceeded to the ʿatabāt (q.v.) to study under the leading scholars of the day. He settled first in Karbalā, where his chief teachers were Zayn-al-ʿābedīn Māzandarānī and Shaikh Ḥasan Ardakānī, and then moved to Naǰaf, where he was to spend almost all the rest of his life. ... Ḥ. Maḥbūbī Ardakānī (1211-62/1796-1846), eleventh son of Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah and governor of Ḵamsa (q.v.) province. His mother Kolṯūm Ḵānom came from a family of sayyeds of Pāzvār (Makārem I, p. 398), and he himself was the son-in-law of Solaymān Khan Qāǰār Eʿteżād-al-dawla (Tārīḵ-e ʿAżodī, p. 126; Montaẓem III, p. 97). In 1224/1809-10 he was appointed governor of Ḵamsa, residing at Zanǰān;. ... P. P. Soucek full name: ŠEHĀB-AL-DĪN ʿABDALLĀH B. ŠAMS-AL-DĪN MOḤAMMAD MORVĀRĪD KERMĀNĪ (d. Raǰab, 922/August, 1516), Timurid court official, poet, scribe, and musician. His father, Moḥammad Morvārīd, had moved to Herat from Kermān during the reign of Abū Saʿīd (855-73/1451-69) and later became that ruler’s vizier. Subsequently he performed the same function for Ḥosayn Bāyqarā until retiring to become custodian (motavallī) at the shrine of ʿAbdallāh Anṣārī. ... M. Kohbach KÖPRÜLÜZĀDE, Ottoman statesman and commander-in-chief, d. 1148/1735, who campaigned in Azerbaijan. His father was the grand vizier Moṣṭafā Paša Köprülüzāde; on 2 Šaʿbān 1112/23 January 1700 he married the daughter of Fayżallāh Efendi, the šayḵ-al-eslām. Patronized by his father-in-law, he became vizier (12 Šaʿbān 1113/22 January 1701) and gained later the dignified rank of the military commander of Constantinople, the so-called Istanbul qāʾim-maqāmı. ... See QOṬBŠĀHĪ DYNASTY. P. P. Soucek influential calligrapher of the 8th/14th century in Iran (d. after 746/1345-46). He was the son of Ḵᵛāǰa Maḥmūd Ṣarrāf of Tabrīz and appears to have remained in that city all of his life. It is said that he was buried in the cemetery of Čarandāb southwest of Tabrīz. Trained in the six scripts used by calligraphers of the Iraqi school such as Yāqūt al-Mostaʿṣemī, ʿAbdallāh appears to have copied manuscripts and designed inscriptions for buildings. ... P. P. Soucek painter and illuminator of the late 10th/16th century. According to Qāżī Aḥmad (p. 146; tr., pp. 189-90) he was a member of the manuscript atelier of Abu’l-Fatḥ Ebrāhīm b. Bahrām b. Esmāʿīl for twenty years. This would suggest that ʿAbdallāh was connected with Ebrāhīm from the time of the latter’s appointment as ḥākem of Mašhad and nāẓer of the shrine of Emām Reżā in 964/1556-57 until his assassination at Qazvīn on 6 Ḏu’l-ḥeǰǰa 984/24 February 1577. ... T. Kuroyanagi ABU’L-BAQĀʾ B. MAḤMŪD B. ḤASAN ŠĪRĀZĪ, 14th century theologian and faqīh of Shiraz (d. 772/1370). He received his elementary education from his father Mawlānā Naǰm-al-dīn, a famous scholar and Sufi of his time, and later learned the seven readings of the Koran from Moḥebb-al-dīn Mawṣelī, whose daughter he took as wife. ... K. A. Nizami (d. 890/1485), Persian Sufi who introduced the Šaṭṭārī order into India. His family claimed descent from Shaikh Šehāb-al-dīn Sohravardī, while he traced his spiritual genealogy to Shaikh Abū Yazīd Ṭayfūr Besṭāmī. His selsela was known as ʿEšqīya in Iran and Besṭāmīya in Asia Minor (Golzār-e abrār, fol. 101a), but in India as Šaṭṭārī; and ʿAbdallāh is the first saint with whose name the term Šaṭṭārī appears. ... T. Yazici (922-1071/1584-1660), Ottoman scholar, mystic, poet, and commentator of Rūmī’s Maṯnavī. He was one of the sons of a shaikh who was originally from the Maḡreb. After completing his education with his relative, the grand vizier Ḵalīl Pasha, he became connected with ʿAzīz Maḥmūd Hodāʾī of the shaikhs of the Jelvatīya. ʿAbdallāh subsequently entered government service, set out for war against Iran together with Ḵalīl Pasha, and returned to Istanbul upon the vizier’s dismissal. ... M. Caton (ca. 1259-1337/1843-1918), a well-known court musician and master of the setār and tār (plucked long-necked lutes). His musical repertoire (radīf) is considered to be the main source of contemporary Persian classical music as taught in conservatories and universities in Iran. W. Madelung B. AL-RABĪṬ early Ismaʿili missionary (dāʿī) and author active in the rural district (savād) of Kūfa. According to the account of Abu’l-Qāsem Kāšānī (Zobdat al-tawārīḵ, chapter on Esmāʿīlīya, ed. M. T. Dānešpažūh, Tabrīz, 1343 Š./1964, p. 19), he came from a village called D-v-r-vā in the savād. ... T. Yazici pen name of ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN PASHA, Ottoman official and historian, d. Raǰab, 1103/March, 1692. He was educated at the palace school and held various positions. Promoted to the post of kubbe veziri, he served as governor of several Ottoman provinces (lastly of Kandiya). At the request of Mehmet IV, he wrote an account of events in the period 1054-93/1648-82, Tārīḵ-e Nešānǰī ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān Pāšā. ... M. Zand , ʿABDALLĀH ḴᵛĀJA, (d. 1340/1921-22), Tajik taḏkeranevīs (biographer) and poet. He was born in Bokhara to the family of a modarres (madrasa instructor) in the late 1270s/early 1860s. In one of his qaṣīdas he claims to descend from the Samanids. ... P. P. Soucek also known as ʿABDĪ QALANDAR and ʿABDĪ ŠĀHĪ, calligrapher and poet active in the first half of the 10th/16th century. Writing ca. 957/1550 Sām Mīrzā Ṣafavī mentions that ʿAbdī had died within the last two years (Toḥfa-ye Sāmī, Tehran, 1314 Š./1935, p. 18). . ... M. Dabīrsīāqī and B. Fragner , ḴᵛĀJĀ ZAYN-AL-ʿĀBEDĪN ʿALĪ B. ʿABD-AL-MOʾMEN (921-88/1513-80), also known by his taḵalloṣ Novīdī, a poet from a notable family of Shiraz (not Isfahan as is reported in Rūz-e rowšan). He was probably born and raised in Tabrīz, his mother’s hometown, where his father had settled. He worked as a secretary-accountant in the royal chancellery of the Safavid king Shah Ṭahmāsp. ... A. Tafażżolī (“The wonder and remarkability of Sagastān”), a short (about 300 words) Pahlavi treatise. Its authorship and period of composition are unknown, but it seems to be one of the few Pahlavi works written outside Fārs. The author, presumably a native of Sīstān, briefly mentions various features of the region and its history significant for Zoroastrianism. ... C. E. Bosworth , ʿABU’L-RAJĀʾ AḤMAD B. ʿABD-AL-ṢAMAD, a landowner (dehqān) of Transoxania. At Samarqand in 504/1110-11 (during the reign of the Qarakhanid Arslān Khan Moḥammad b. Solaymān, son-in-law of the Saljuq Sultan Sanǰar), he related to Neẓāmī ʿArūżī how the poet Rūdakī had been rewarded by the Samanid Naṣr b. Aḥmad (250-79/864-92) for a poem praising the amir and Bokhara, his capital. ... See SMALLPOX. See SYPHILIS. W. W. Malandra one of the eight Zoroastrian priests (ratu) necessary for the performance of the yasna ritual. As the name indicates, it was his function to bring (bar) the water (āp) for the ritual. The office of the water-bringer also bore the title dānuwāza, “bearing river (water).” According to Nērangistān 79 the ābərət, together with another priest, the sraošāwarəz, had no fixed station within the sacrificial area, but could move about. B. Spuler Salghurid ruler of Fārs (663-85/1263-84), daughter of Atābeg Saʿd II. While still a child (in Rabīʿ I, 663/December, 1264), she succeeded her cousin Salǰuqšāh b. Salḡūr, whom the Mongols had driven away. Ca. 671/1272 she married the Mongol prince Möngke Temūr (Mangū Tīmūr; d. Moḥarram, 681/April, 1282), fourth son of the Il-khan Hülegu (Hūlāgū), who ruled Fārs in her name from then on. ... J. B. Segal dynasty of Edessa, 2nd century B.C. to 3rd century A.D. i. General. ii. Historical survey. iii. Administration. iv. Social and cultural life; religion. When the Seleucids withdrew from Mesopotamia in 130-29 B.C., Parthian hegemony there was virtually unchallenged. It was, however, exercised loosely; and a small number of principalities were able to acquire a fair degree of autonomy. The most important of these was Edessa. ... C. E. Bosworth Awhar in local pronunciation, see Ḥodūd al-ʿālam, tr. Minorsky, pp. 132, 383), a small town in the Qazvīn district, on the highway connecting Ray and later Tehran with Tabrīz and Azerbaijan. The geographers state that it lay 12 farsaḵs west of Qazvīn and that Zanǰān (the town with which it is often coupled in the geographical and historical sources) was 20 farsaḵs farther (thus Ebn Ḥawqal, tr. Kramers, p. 351). ... H. Corbin one of the most characteristic works of the great Persian mystic Rūzbehān Baqlī Šīrāzī (522-606/1128-1209). The word ʿabhar is generally considered to be the Arabic equivalent of Persian narges, itself a loanword from Greek narkissos (“narcissus”). Without enumerating the difficulties of comparative floral nomenclature, one may say that ʿabhar designates a variety of narcissus corresponding to what we call jasmine. ... G. C. Anawati AL-MOFAŻŻAL B. ʿOMAR B. AL-MOFAŻŻAL (d. 663/1264), logician, mathematician, and astronomer. The only facts known about his life are that he was born and educated in Mosul but moved to Erbel (Arbela) in 625/1228. He was the disciple of Kamāl-al-dīn b. Yūnos and the teacher of Ebn Ḵallekān. B. Reinert ʿABDALLĀH B. ṬĀHER B. ḤĀTEM, Sufi of Persian ʿErāq (Solamī, Ṭabaqāt, p. 391.3) where he lived and apparently had received his Sufi training. He was born in Abhar and died in 330/941-42 (ibid., p. 391.9; Qošayrī, Resāla, p. 29.6). He is reckoned a disciple of Yūsof b. Ḥosayn of Ray and was a companion of Moẓaffar Qermīsīnī, a leading shaikh of Persian ʿErāq. ... D. Pingree mathematician, said to have died in 733/1332-33. He is the author of an extant text, Foṣūl kāfīa fī ḥesāb al-taḵt wa’l-mīl (“Sufficient chapters concerning computation with a pegboard”). C. E. Bosworth ABŪ ʿAMR, vizier of the last two Great Saljuq sultans in western Persia, Arslan b. Ṭoḡrıl II (556-71/1161-76) and his son Ṭoḡrıl III (579-90/1176-94). Hameed ud-Din ʿABD-AL-ʿAZĪZ MOḤADDEṮ, traditionist. A native of Herat, he migrated to Sind ca. 918/1512 to escape Safavid persecution of Sunnite scholars. He and his sons, Mawlānā Aṯīr-al-dīn and Mawlānā Yār Moḥammad (both reputable scholars), settled at Kāhān/Gāhān (Gāhā), about 21 miles northwest of Sehvān. This place had become a center of learning after the vizier of Sind, Daryā Khan, had been compelled to retire to his estate there by Jām Fīrūz, the last ruler of the Jamid dynasty. ... See RAFĪʿ-AL-DĪN. E. Ehlers Persian term for those agricultural lands which are irrigated; unirrigated (i.e., rain-fed) fields are called daymī (see discussion s.v. Agriculture). Cf. also the more specialized term fāyrāb/pāyrāb, applied to lands irrigated by diversion of river water. The two traditional forms of irrigation are diversion of stream water and use of the qanāt (q.v.); both can be traced to pre-Achaemenid times and may be seen as causes of the early development of strong political institutions and state formation in the Middle East. ... Abu’l-Qāsem Gorji JARĪR B. ʿABD-AL-ḤAMĪD B. QORṬ ẒABĪ RĀZĪ, traditionist. His nesba, or surname, refers to Āba (or Āva), one of the villages dependent on Sāva (Yāqūt [Beirut] I, p. 50; Zabīdī, Tāǰ al-ʿarūs, Cairo, 1306/1888-89, s.v. ʾwb). He was born in 107/725-26 or 110/728-29 and settled in Ray, and is styled as the traditionist of Ray (moḥaddeṯ-e Ray). Ebn Saʿd, however, gives Kūfa as his residence and place of birth. ... M. M. Mazzaoui (so Ṯaʿālebī, Tatemmat al-yatīma, ed. ʿA. Eqbāl, Tehran, 1353/1934, p. 100; the konya is given as ABŪ SAʿĪD in Brockelmann, GAL I, p. 429; S. I., p. 593) MANṢŪR B. ḤOSAYN (cf. B. AL-ḤASAN in Bāḵarzī, Domyat al-qaṣr, ed. ʿAbd-al-Fattāḥ Moḥammad al-Ḥolv, Cairo, 1968, pp. 467-69), vizier and man of letters of the late Buyid period. ... Abu’l-Qāsem Gorji ḤASAN B. ABŪ ṬĀLEB YŪSOFĪ, Imami faqīh (jurist) of the 7th/13th century, well-known under the nicknames of Fāżel-e Ābī and Ebn al-Zaynab. He was a pupil of Moḥaqqeq Ḥellī, with whom he held disputations on topics of Shiʿite law. He wrote a commentary on his master’s Moḵtaṣar-e nāfeʿ entitled Kašf al-romūz; its colophon bears the date 672/1273-74. ... M. Dandamayev a village in Elam. According to the inscriptions DSf and DSz of Darius I, the stone pillars used on the building of his palace in Susa were brought from there. In the Elamite versions of the same inscriptions the village is called Hapiraduš. M. Mayrhofer a proper name said to be of (Indo-) Aryan origin, by comparison with Vedic ratha, Avestan raθa. This analysis, however, remains uncertain. The name was borne by the following (Kammenhuber, Arier, pp. 54-55): 1. the fifth king of the third (“Kassite”) dynasty in Babylon; 2. a Kassite nobleman (a-bi-ra-taš, a-bi-rat-taš, a-bi-r [u-ut-taš?], AD-rat-taš); 3. a prince of Pár-ga in northern Syria (a-pi-rat!-ta, a-pi-rad!-da, a-pi-rat!-ta-aš); ... C. E. Bosworth town in medieval Iran situated in northern Khorasan, in the northern foothills of the Hazār Masǰed range where these mountains slope down in the Qara Qum desert. It is important historically as part of the protective chain of frontier defense posts established by the ancient Iranian kings against the irruption of barbarians from the steppes of Inner Asia. Its site (now called Kohna Abīvard) lies within the Turkmenistan SSR; its extensive ruins, marked by various kurgans or settlement mounds, is some 8 km west of Kahka station on the Ashkhabad-Merv section of the Trans-Caspian railway. ... L. A. Giffen ḤASAN B. ʿALĪ B. ḤASAN, much traveled Shafeʿite jurisconsult, mathematician and logician, born 761/1360, died 816/1413. L. A. Giffen MOḤAMMAD B. ABU’L-ʿABBĀS AḤMAD B. MOḤAMMAD AL-MOʿĀWĪ AL-KŪFANĪ, poet, historian, and writer on genealogy, died from poison at Isfahan, 507/1113. Abīvardī, as he was usually known, was born into a distinguished family of Kūfan, a small town near Abīvard in Khorasan. ... G. Krotkoff “alphabet,” a word formed from the first four letters of the Semitic alphabet. In particular, it refers to the use of letters as numbers (ḥesāb-e abīad), the numerical values of the letters following the original letter sequence found in the older Semitic alphabets. This sequence, with minor variations, is remarkably stable from the earliest known listings in Ugaritic and Phoenician to Hebrew and Aramaic. Arabic script was developed from the Nabatean variety of Aramaic script; but, due to the coincidence in shape of several letters and their subsequent differentiation by means of diacritical points, the traditional order was replaced by a new one, in which letters with the same basic design were grouped together. ... M. Baqir poetical name of MĪR MOḤAMMAD ESMĀʿĪL KHAN, 18th century south-Indian poet of Persian and Urdu. His was born in Chingleput in Carnatic Payanghat. His father was a resident of Bijapur and the brother-in-law of the famous historian Ferešta (q.v.; d. ca. 1033/1624). In Chingleput Abīadī received a traditional education in Arabic and Persian. ... Dzh. Giunashvili (also APSUA, APSNI), ethnic group of the Caucasus. The Abkhazian Autonomous Soviet Republic is federated with the Georgian SSR. It comprises 86,000 square km and has a population of 486,900. Its capital city is Sukhumi, the former Sxumi. Abkhazia lies in the western Caucasus by the coast of the Black Sea. Magnificent beaches, subtropical vegetation, tea plantations, tobacco, citrus groves, deep forests, and the peaks of the great Caucasian range serve to give this land great picturesqueness. Development is energetically pursued; there is both mining and a food processing industry. ... I. K. Poonawala (vożūʾ), the minor ritual purification performed before prayers, circumambulation of the Kaʿba, recitation of the Koran, and the prostration expressing gratitude after reciting the Koran. According to the Koranic injunction which states “O you who believe! When you stand up for prayer, wash your faces and your hands up to the elbows, and wipe your heads and your feet up to the ankles. And if you are unclean, purify yourselves” (Koran 5:6), ablution is a prerequisite to performing the prayers. ... See PADYĀB. C. E. Bosworth “sons” in Arabic, used as a term for the offspring of Persian soldiers and officials in the Yemen and of Arab mothers. These people were known thus in the lifetime of the Prophet (ca. 580-632 A.D.) and survived as a distinct ethnic and social group in the first century or so of Islam. C. J. Brunner satrap of Susiana under Darius III, at the time of the Achaemenid collapse. He was perhaps an Elamite, although his son bears an Iranian name—one that seems distinctly Zoroastrian (Oxathres: GAv. Huxšathra). After the battle of Arbela (1 October 331 B.C.), Mesopotamia rapidly fell to Alexander’s forces. Thus Aboulites had little choice but to arrange an orderly surrender of Susa. ... C. J. Brunner a fictional king of Susa in Xenophon’s fictional, didactic life of Cyrus (Cyropaedia, books 5-7). He and his wife, Panthea, provide a running romantic theme in the work. Originally a subject of the Assyrians, Abradatas was separated from his wife when Cyrus captured her in one of his raids. The Persian prince was then still a vassal to his (fictional) uncle, Cyaxares II. Cyrus treated Panthea nobly, and she persuaded her husband to enter the Persian’s service. He apparently became a tributary king in Susa. ... See EBRĀHĪM. George A. Bournoutian (Kretatsʾi; b. Kandia, Crete, ?- d. Ejmiatsin, 18 April 1737), a leader of the Armenian Church and the author of a chronicle about Nāder Shah Afšār. Abraham was the bishop of Tekirdag (Rodosto, Thrace) and the Armenian prelate of Thrace from 1708 to 1734. He also spent two years (1719-20) in Jerusalem. In April 1734 he went on a pilgrimage to the holy shrines in eastern Armenia (Persian Armenia). During his visit, the supreme patriarch of the Armenian church, Catholicos (Katʾoḡikos) Abraham II, passed away and appointed him as his successor. ... George A. Bournoutian the author of a history of the wars in Armenian at the time of Nāder Shah Afšār. Little is known about Abraham of Erevan. He was probably born and died in the 18th century. His name survives mainly due to his book, Patmutʾiwn tʾagahori Parsits (History of the Persian king), which survives in a single manuscript kept in the Armenian Catholic Monastery on the island of San Lazzaro in Venice. The manuscript was later edited by an Armenian monk, who called it Patmutʾiwn paterazmatsʾn, 1721-1736 (The History of the Wars 1721-1736). ... C. J. Brunner Middle Persian “high, superior, height,” old Iranian *uparyānk- “above, high.” For the literal sense of the word, cf. Bundahišn, p. 188.11-12; pad abrāz paydāg, “visible on high” (i.e., in the heavens). The figurative sense, familiar in New Persian afrāz and the military title sar-afrāz, was already common in Old Iranian (Avestan uparatāt- “superiority;” see AirWb., col. 393). In Sasanian usage, abrāz apparently came to serve as an honorific title, although it has not yet been attested as such on stamp seals. ... W. Eilers, M. Bazin and C. Bromberger, D. Thompson silk. i. Etymology. ii. Trade and production of silk and its use in crafts. iii. Silk textiles in Iran. Silk, originally from China, has been known in Iran since ancient times; the “Silk Road” linking the two countries is well named, for from the 4th century B.C. until around the 7th century A.D. silk was the most important article of trade between them. The security of this famous caravan route, which linked China to the Mediterranean by way of the basin of the Tarim, Soḡd, Marv, and Persia and practically monopolized the silk trade between East and West, was maintained in turn by the Seleucids, the Parthians and the Sasanians. ... M. Boyce “the pouring of water,” name for a Zoroastrian feast; the term could be used for Tīragān (q.v.) and probably also for the name-day festival of Hordād (q.v.), both of which were celebrated by people sprinkling one another joyfully with water (see Bīrūnī, Chronology, pp. 218, 221). More specifically it was, according to Bīrūnī (p. 228), the name of a feast instituted in Sasanian times to commemorate the end of a devastating drought which afflicted Iran for successive years during the reign of Pērōz. ... See TĪRAGĀN. M. Dandamayev Persian satrap of Syria and commander under Artaxerxes II. In 401 B.C. he prepared an army to reconquer Egypt, which was in revolt against the Persian domination. But the same year Cyrus the Younger rebelled against Artaxerxes II, and Abrocomas went to Babylonia to the aid of the Persian king. He arrived after the decisive battle at Cunaxa had already been fought (Xenophon, Anabasis 1.7.12; see also 1.3.20; 4.3, 5, 18). Ca. 389-387 B.C. Abrocomas and the Persian commanders Pharnabazus and Tithraustes continued without success the attempt at reconquest of Egypt (see Isocrates, Panegyricus 140). ... M. Dandamayev a son of Darius I by Phrataguna, daughter of his brother Artanes. He perished at the battle of Thermopylae (Herodotus 7.224). E. Ehlers name of a drainage system that covers several streams and small rivers along the eastern flank of the Alvand Kūh (q.v.); it flows north into the kavīr of Qom. The annual discharge of this river system varies between approx. 100 million cu m and 500 million cu m, depending on the amount of winter precipitation and the consequent snow melt. The annual peak of discharge is reached in March and April, but sometimes (e.g., 1968) as late as May or June. During this period the river reaches its maximum instantaneous flow, which may be as high as 90 cu m. ... E. Ehlers “salt river.” The name ābšūr is very common in Iran for those rivers with a high salt content. Salt may generally arrive from two sources: firstly, from minerals of the soil which are transported to the surface by the upward direction of groundwater and by soil-water evaporation due to the arid climate of most of Iran (see Kavīr); secondly, from soluble salts washed out of geological salt-bearing structures (salt plugs), which are common for many parts of Iran. Most of the rivers derive their high salt content from this source. ... A. Tafażżolī father of the mythical king Feridun (q.v.) of the PišdĀdi dynasty. S. Sh. Kh. Hussaini , MOḤAMMAD B. ḤOSAYN B. MŪSĀ AZDĪ NĪSĀBŪRĪ (325-412/937-1021), Sufi, traditionist, and hagiographer. His nesba Solamī derives from the Arab tribe of Solaym (Samʿānī, Ansāb [Leiden], fols. 303b-304a) through his maternal grandfather (Solamī, Ṭabaqāt al-ṣūfīya [Cairo], p. 454). ... R. W. Bulliet (EBN AL-BAYYEʿ), a noted traditionist and local historian, b. 321/933, d. 405/1014; full name: ABŪ ʿABDALLĀH MOḤAMMAD B. ʿABDALLĀH B. MOḤAMMAD B. MOḤAMMAD B. ḤAMDŪYA B. NOʿAYM B. AL-ḤAKAM AL-ŻABBĪ AL-ṬAHMĀNĪ; he was commonly known as AL-ḤĀKEM AL-NĪSĀBŪRĪ because of his once having held a post as judge (qāżī). ... D. Sourdel B. DĀʾŪD, vizier of the ʿAbbasid caliph Mahdī (r. 158-69/775-85). He professed pro-ʿAlid sentiments and participated in the revolt of the Hasanids Ebrāhīm and Moḥammad b. ʿAbdallāh against the caliph Manṣūr in 145/762-63. Imprisoned, he was set free in 159/775-76 by Mahdī, who sought, by means of a general amnesty, to reconcile the opposing moderate Shiʿites with each other. He soon became the advisor of the caliph, who in 163/779-80 gave him the title “brother in God and vizier” and conferred on him the direction of matters with which Abū ʿObaydallāh had formerly dealt. ... A. E. Khairallah , YAḤYĀ B. ʿALĪ B. YAḤYĀ B. ABĪ MANṢŪR ABĀN (241/855-56 to 13 Rabīʿ I 300/29 October 912), literary historian, music theorist, poet, and Muʿtazilite, boon companion to caliphs Mowaffaq, Moʿtażed, and Moktafī. He was one of the Banu’l-Monaǰǰem, a family of Iranian descent associated with the ʿAbbasid court for more than two centuries. His great-grandfather, Abān, while still a Zoroastrian, established himself as Manṣūr’s astronomer. ... C. E. Bosworth poet and official of the Samanids, fl. first half of the 4th/10th century; his exact dates are unknown. His father, Abū Bakr, had been secretary to Amir Esmāʿīl b. Aḥmad (279-95/892-907) and vizier to Aḥmad Esmāʿīl (295-301/907-14) before the vizierate of Abū ʿAbdallāh Jayhānī. Abū Aḥmad thought that the family traditions of official service plus his own accomplishments as a poet and stylist gave him a claim to the vizierate superior to Jayhānī’s and Baḷʿamī’s. ... C. E. Bosworth governor (ʿamīd) of Balḵ and northern Afghanistan under the Saljuq ruler of Khorasan, Čaḡrī Beg Dāʾūd, and then under his son, Alp Arslan. One of the main events of his tenure of power was the final capture from the Ghaznavids of the important bridgepoint over the Oxus of Termeḏ; after this event, the Ghaznavid castellan there, Amīrak Bayhaqī, made over his estates and house at Bayhaq to Abū ʿAlī and then retired to Ḡazna. ... J. Chabbi , ḤASAN B. ʿALĪ B. MOḤAMMAD B. ESḤĀQ, ascetic of Nīšāpūr (d. 405/1015). He was the teacher of the famous Abu’l-Qāsem Qošayrī, who married Fāṭema, his daughter, some time before 414/1023, which is the birth date of their first son (R. Bulliet, The Patricians of Nishapur, Cambridge, Mass., 1972, p. 152). Following this marriage Qošayrī directed the madrasa of Abū ʿAlī, which from the mid-5th/11th century was called Madrasat al-Qošayrī. ... I. Abbas , ḤASAN B. AḤMAD B. ʿABD-AL-ḠAFFĀR (288-377/900-87), grammarian at the court of the Buyid ʿAżod-al-dawla (d. 366/977). He was born in Fasā, a small town in the district of Shiraz, to a Persian father and an Arab mother from the tribe of Sadūs. Ḥasan’s family facilitated his mastery of Arabic and Persian and provided reasonable financial resources. In his twenties, he moved to Baghdad to study grammar and philology. He sat at the feet of many shaikhs, among whom were the prominent philologists and grammarians of the time: al-Zaǰǰāǰ, Ebn Dorayd, Ebn al-Sarrāǰ, Ebn Moǰāhed, and Mabramān. ... See MARVAZĪ. See EBN MESKAWAYH. Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh author of a Šāh-nāma, according to Bīrūnī (Āṯār al-bāqīa, pp. 99f.). Abū ʿAlī is said to have selected traditions regarding the beginning of the world from Sīar al-molūk by Ebn Moqaffaʿ and books by Moḥammad b. Jahm Barmakī, Hešām b. Qāsem, Bahrām b. Mardānšāh (mobad of the city of Šāpūr), and others. ... C. E. Bosworth vizier of the Samanids in the last years of their power. The reign of Amīr Nūḥ II b. Manṣūr (365-87/976-97) was rent by internal strife among the great military leaders of the state, with the viziers tending to become the creatures of one or other opposing faction in the state. Dāmḡānī’s predecessor ʿAbdallāh b. Moḥammad b. ʿOzayr (ʿAzīz?) had been the protégé of the powerful Sīmǰūrīs, Abu’l-Ḥasan and his son Abū ʿAlī, and of Fāʾeq, and he was hostile to the ʿOtbī family, the influential previous occupants of the vizierate. ... Kh. A. Nizami , ŠARAF-AL-DĪN PĀNĪPATĪ (also known as SHAH BŪ ʿALĪ QALANDAR), Indian poet and saint, d. 725/1324. His mausoleum at Panipat remains a popular center for pilgrimage. Unfortunately no authentic records of his life or teachings are available. Since he was a qalandar, we should not expect to find such records; none of his disciples had the time or inclination to make a collection of his sayings, and later writers have attenuated his personality with myth and miracle. ... J. van Ess Karrāmī theologian, fl. mid-4th/mid-10th century. Most of the later branches of the Karrāmīya traced themselves back to Ebn Karrām through him; he was the last important representative of the school before the expansion and diversification which occurred under the early Ghaznavids. Nothing is known about Abū ʿAmr’s life or doctrine. G. Tsuge (ʿAṬĀʾ), one of the twelve modes in the dastgāh system of classical Iranian music; more precisely, it should be called āvāz-e Abū ʿAṭā or naḡma-ye Abū ʿAṭā. The reason for this name is not known; it is alternatively called dastān-e ʿarab (“Arabian song;” M. Barkešlī and M. Maʿrūfī, Radīf-e mūsīqī-e Īrān, Tehran, 1963; M. ... J. A. Wakin YAʿQŪB B. ESḤĀQ B. EBRĀHĪM NĪŠĀBŪRĪ ESFARĀYĪNĪ, a Shafeʿite legal scholar and traditionist. He is credited with introducing the Shafeʿite school in Esfarāyīn, which remained a leading center of Shafeʿism even after the Hanafite maḏhab made serious inroads in Khorasan. Abū ʿAwāna traveled widely throughout the major centers of learning in Iran, Syria, the Yemen, and Egypt, collecting traditions from a number of illustrious scholars. ... R. W. Bulliet , ʿABD-AL-MALEK B. YAZĪD ḴORĀSĀNĪ AZDĪ, a distinguished ʿAbbasid general, twice governor of Egypt and once of Khorasan. Although Abū ʿAwn’s career can be followed for a period of forty years, little is known beyond its bare outline. He first is mentioned raising money for the ʿAbbasid cause in Gorgān, his native city, in 129/747 along with Ḵāled b. Barmak. He was a mawlā of the Honāʾa branch of the Azd tribe. ... B. Reinert , MOḤAMMAD B. ʿOMAR AL-ḤAKĪM, Sufi shaikh, born in Termeḏ, lived and worked in Balḵ, d. 280/893. The oldest sources (Solamī, Ṭabaqāt2, p. 221.4ff.; Anṣārī, Ṭabaqāt al-ṣūfīya, ed. Qandahārī, Kabul, 1340 Š./1960, p. 262) mention as his teachers the following: Aḥmad b. Ḵeżrōya of Balḵ (d. 240/854-55; see Qošayrī, Resāla, Cairo, 1359/1940, p. ... C. E. Bosworth vizier of the Ghaznavids in the 5th/11th century. He is first heard of as the second vizier to serve Sultan Farroḵzād b. Masʿūd (443-51/1052-59). He was called to this office, probably at the end of 445 or beginning of 446/spring-summer, 1055, in succession to Ḥosayn b. Mehrān. He had already had a long career as official and soldier and for thirty years had been a governor in India, where he had been active in public and charitable works. ... A. A. Ivanov 7th/13th century metalworker. His work is known through a series of cast bronze cauldrons which bear the signature ʿamal-e Abū Bakr b. Aḥmad Marvazī. Six such cauldrons are known to exist. Two were known to L. A. Mayer (Islamic Metalworkers, p. 24), and four more have been discovered in the Soviet Union. Two are in Daghestan, one in a private collection in Kubachi and the other in the Museum of the Faculty of History, Daghestan State University, Makhachkala; the remaining two are in the Fine Art Museum of the Georgian SSR, Tiflis, and the State Ethnographical Museum of the Peoples of the USSR, Leningrad. ... J. W. Clinton , IMAM, a follower (but apparently not a contemporary) of Shaikh Abū Saʿīd b. Abi’l-Ḵayr (q.v., d. 440/1049). Abū Bakr appears in two narratives of the Asrār al-tawḥīd, relating stories he heard from those who had known the shaikh directly. In one, he simply recounts a brief anecdote which introduces a longer narrative, the whole being related by Ḵᵛāǰa Aḥmad Moḥammad Ṣūfī. ... See İLDIGÜZID DYNASTY. B. Spuler B. ZANGĪ B. MAWDŪD, also known as MOẒAFFAR-AL-DĪN QUTLUḠ KHAN, 623-58/1226-60, member of the Salghurid dynasty, atabeg of Fārs. He rebelled against his father, Saʿd I, during the latter’s disputes with two princes of the Khwarazmian royal house and was cast into prison. Shortly before his father’s death, however, he was set free and thereafter took up the reigns of government. His father had finally acknowledged the suzerainty of the Ḵᵛārazmšāh Jalāl-al-dīn Mängübirdī, who was fleeing from the Mongols. ... Ḡ. Ḥ. Yūsofī (ḴᵛĀJA ABŪ BAKR ʿABDALLĀH B. YŪSOF SĪSTĀNĪ), Shafeʿite faqīh (jurist) and Ghaznavid official, d. 424/1033. According to the poet Farroḵī he came from a well-reputed family in Sīstān, and his father was a man of learning. Abū Bakr strove to implement the religious policy of Sultan Maḥmūd, persecuting heretics, Qarmaṭīs, and the impious. ... W. Madelung BOḴĀRĪ MOḤAMMAD B. ABĪ ESḤĀQ EBRĀHĪM B. YAʿQŪB, author of the well-known compendium of Sufism al-Taʿarrof le-maḏhab ahl al-taṣawwof. Little is known about his life. He originated from Kalābāḏ, a quarter of Bokhara, and was born probably not later than 320/932, since he heard Hadith from Abu’l-Nāṣer Rašādī of Samarqand (d. 339/950-51). Ebn Abi’l-Wafāʾ describes him as a Hanafite theologian (oṣūlī) on account of the Hanafite tenor of the theological doctrine presented in his Ketāb al-taʿarrof. ... I. Abbas (d. 268/881), a Hanafite jurist about whose life the available sources furnish no information. It seems that he combined both feqh and kalām and that he paved the way for his famous compatriot Abū Manṣūr Mātorīdī (q.v., d. 333/1041). The sources mention the titles of four of his works. ... M. J. McDermott a jurist loosely belonging to the Shafeʿite school. The date of his birth is unknown. He studied in Egypt under two immediate disciples of Šāfeʿī (Moḥammad b. ʿAbdallāh b. ʿAbd-al-Ḥakam and Rabīʿ b. Solaymān Jīzī) and then lived in Mecca, where he died in 318/930. ... Ḡ. Ḥ. Yūsofī , ʿAMĪD-AL-MOLK ʿALĪ B. ḤASAN, fl. 5th/11th century, a courtier and man of letters under the Ghaznavids and Saljuqs; himself a poet, he patronized poetry generously. He is said to have been originally from Roḵḵaǰ. He was still a young man when he gained the attention of Sultan Maḥmūd by explaining a vague, threatening allusion in the caliph’s letter which all secretaries had failed to understand. Thereupon he was granted the honor of sitting in the royal presence. ... B. Lawrence ḤAYDARĪ, 7th/13th century Indo-Muslim saint. Nothing is known of his pre-Indian background, but reliable taḏkera writers describe him as a contemporary of Shaikh Neẓām-al-dīn Awlīāʾ (636-725/1238-39 to 1325) who was on the best of terms with him and with other Češtī saints (Jamālī, p. 67; ʿAbd-al-Ḥaqq, p. 73). His ḵānaqāh, situated on the bank of the Jumna river, was frequented by Sufis from Delhi and elsewhere, especially for musical gatherings (maǰāles-e samāʿ). ... M. N. Osmanov a Persian poet and Sufi shaikh contemporary with Sebüktigin (d. 387/997). Abū Ḏarr lived in the madrasa at Būzǰān. According to Jāmī (Nafaḥāt, pp. 356-57) he worked wonders, and died in 366-67/977. He is not discussed in other sources. Two Persian and one Arabic bayt are the only quotations from his works remaining. J. A. Wakin full name: ABŪ ḎARR ʿABDALLĀH B. AḤMAD B. MOḤAMMAD HERAVĪ ANṢĀRĪ MĀLEKĪ, a traditionist known primarily for his role in the transmission of Boḵārī’s Jāmeʿ al-ṣaḥīḥ. Born in Herat about 355/966, he traveled to several centers of learning to study with well-known traditionists. In Baghdad he acquired a reputation in Malikite legal circles for his knowledge of both feqh and oṣūl al-feqh. ... F. M. Donner full name: ABŪ DOLAF AL-QĀSEM B. ʿĪSĀ B. EDRĪS B. MAʿQEL AL-ʿEJLĪ, Arab military chieftain, author, poet, governor, and boon companion for several ʿAbbasid caliphs, and most important member of the ʿEǰlī dynasty of western Iran, flourished in the early 3rd/9th century. Though genealogists disagree over his exact pedigree, he was a member of the Arab tribe of Banū ʿEǰl, whose original home was in the vicinity of Ḥīra on the desert fringes of southern Iraq. ... R. W. Bulliet , MESʿAR B. MOHALHEL AL-ḴAZRAJĪ, Arab traveler, poet, and frequenter of the Buyid court (ca. mid-4th/10th century). Reliable details concerning Abū Dolaf’s life are few because of the questionable truthfulness of his two travel accounts. In these works he implies acquaintance with the Samanid court of Naṣr b. Aḥmad (d. 331/943) and mentions Abū Jaʿfar Moḥammad b. Aḥmad b. Layṯ as the ruler of Sīstān. ... D. M. Dunlop ZĪĀD B. DERHAM AL-SARRĀJ, otherwise known as ABŪ MOḤAMMAD AL-ṢĀDEQ, a freedman of Banū Ḥamdān, regarded as the first ʿAbbasid propagandist in Khorasan (Madāʾenī quoted by Ṭabarī, II, p. 1501). His activity there in the ʿAbbasid cause began shortly after 100/718-19. Earlier Abū ʿEkrema had been a supporter of Abū Hāšem ʿAbdallāh b. Moḥammad. ... J. van Ess full name: ABŪ ESḤĀQ EBRĀHĪM B. SAYYĀR B. HĀNEʾ AL-NAẒẒĀM (ca. 165-221/782-836), famous adīb and Muʿtazilite theologian. He was of lowly birth; one of his ancestors had been a slave. He was by the most reliable accounts (e.g., Ebn Ḥazm, Ketāb al-feṣal fi’l-melal wa’l-ahwāʾ wa’l-neḥal, Cairo, 1317/1899-1900, IV, p. 193.13f.) a mawlā of the Banū Boǰayr b. al-Ḥāreṯ. ... W. Madelung , EBRĀHĪM B. ʿALĪ B. YŪSOF B. ʿABDALLĀH AL-FĪRŪZĀBĀDĪ, Shafeʿite jurist, b. 393/1003 (395 and 396 are also mentioned) in Fīrūzābād in Fārs. He began studying Shafeʿite law in his hometown under Moḥammad b. ʿOmar Šīrāzī. ... See BOSḤĀQ. C. E. Bosworth B. ALPTIGIN (named in some sources, e.g., Ebn Bābā, as Esḥāq b. Alptigin), governor of Ḡazna in eastern Afghanistan on behalf of the Samanids, Šaʿbān, 352 to Ḏu’l-qaʿda, 355/September, 963 to November, 966. Abū Esḥāq Ebrāhīm’s father Alptigin had been commander-in-chief of the Samanid army in Bokhara; compelled in 350/961 to withdraw from the capital. ... B. Lawrence Sufi and eponymous founder of the Kāzarūnīya/Esḥāqīya selsela. Abū Esḥāq was born in 352/963 in Kāzarūn, the environs of which were still only thinly islamized as late as the mid-4th/10th century. Though the future shaikh’s parents were converted to Islam, his paternal grandfather remained a Zoroastrian and was opposed to the young boy’s tutelage in Koranic studies. ... J. W. Limbert full name: JAMĀL-AL-DĪN SHAH SHAIKH ABŪ ESḤĀQ B. MAḤMŪD SHAH ĪNJŪ (721-58/1321-59), ruler of Fārs, ʿErāq ʿAǰam (Isfahan), and parts of southern Iran, 743-55/1343-54. Abū Esḥāq was the youngest of four sons of Šaraf-al-dīn Maḥmūd Shah b. Moḥammad Īnǰū, governor of Fārs under the last Mongol Il-khan, Sultan Abū Saʿīd Bahādor. ... Mutiul Imam , ḴᵛĀJA, founder and eminent early saint of the Češtī selsela (3rd-4th/9th-10th century). He was a spiritual disciple of Shaikh Mamšād ʿOlū Dīnavarī in Baghdad, where he had migrated from Syria in search of a Sufi master. After seven years with his shaikh, he was directed to proceed to Češt (a medieval town near Herat) and to provide its inhabitants with spiritual assistance. He was also advised to change his nesba from Šāmī to Češtī. ... See ḴORĀSĀNĪ, ABŪ ḠĀNEM. J. Chabbi an ascetic who was born and lived in Nīšāpūr, d. between 265/874 and 270/879. Biographers differ on the name of his father, variously calling him Sālem, Maslama, or Salma. The oldest references to him date from the second half of the 4th/10th century. Abū ʿAbdallāh b. al-Bayyeʿ (q.v.), author of the lost Taʾrīḵ Nīsābūr, called Abū Ḥafṣ an ascetic (zāhed) but not a preacher (wāʿeẓ), which was then a common appellation for holy men. ... Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh one of the so-called “first poets” in New Persian. The concept of “first poet,” however, is simplistic; since poetry, like any stage of a language, evolves continuously and is rooted in its immediate past. The idea of “first poet” may have evolved from the lack of distinction in taḏkeras between the term earliest (qadīmtarīn) and first (awwal). Nor was Abū Ḥafs the first poet who used Arabic meter in his poetry. Others had already done so, and his extant one-line fragment does not strictly conform to the norms of Arabic prosody. ... Fazlur Rahman scholar and author of the late 7th/13th and early 8th/14th centuries, the first in a line of prominent men of the Torka-ye Eṣfahānī family. The family name refers to Abū Ḥāmed’s grandfather, described as a Turk who moved from Ḵoǰand to Isfahan. B. Reinert (d. 290/903), Sufi born and active in Nīšāpūr; according to ʿAṭṭār he died there (Taḏkera II, p. 97.6; Solamī, Ṭabaqāt, p. 326.3; Żabbī, Tārīḵ-e Nayšābūr, p. 150; Anṣārī, Ṭabaqāt, p. 123.8). He received his Sufi training from Abū Torāb Naḵšabī (q.v., d. 245/859), with whom he traveled extensively. ... U. F. Abd-Allāh , NOʿMĀN B. ṮĀBET B. ZŪṬĀ (or AL-NOʿMĀN) B. AL-MARZOBĀN (or MĀH), 80-150/699-767, eponym of the Ḥanafī school of Islamic law—the largest of the four primary Sunni schools of law. As one of the most important figures in Islamic social and intellectual history, he was controversial in his own time and long remained so; as Abū Zahra observes, probably no other figure in Islamic law of similar prominence evoked such high esteem from some, yet such categorical condemnation from others—in Abū Ḥanīfa’s case especially from some of the proponents of Hadith (ahl al-ḥadīṯ;). ... See ESKĀFĪ, ABŪ ḤANĪFA. T. Nagel B. MOḤAMMAD B. ḤANAFĪYA, ʿAlid figure in Shiʿite tradition. About two decades after the Prophet died, leaving the Muslim community without any temporal and spiritual guidance authorized by God, the Shiʿite movement began to take shape. Its supporters held that ʿAlī, the Prophet’s cousin and son-in-law, and ʿAlī’s descendants guaranteed the continuance of the seemingly lost prophetic guidance. ʿAlī and his sons came to be looked upon as charismatic leaders of the faithful, who ought to rally round them. ... H. Halm , AḤMAD B. ḤAMDĀN AL-VARSENĀNĪ AL-LAYṮĪ, Ismaʿili dāʿī (missionary) and author of the 4th/10th century. He was born in Pašāpūya, a district south of Ray, and became deputy to Ḡīāṯ, the Ismaʿili dāʿī active there. According to Neẓām-al-molk, Abū Ḥātem forced out the successor of Ḡīāṯ, Abū Jaʿfar Kabīr (who suffered from attacks of melancholy) and himself became the local Ismaʿili leader. ... W. M. Watt , ʿALĪ B. MOḤAMMAD B. AL-ʿABBĀS, an outstanding man of letters and essayist of the Buyid period. He was born between 310/922 and 320/932, probably in Shiraz, though his birthplace is also given as Nīšāpūr, Wāseṭ, or even Baghdad. He is said to have received the name Tawḥīdī because his father was a seller in Baghdad of a type of date known as tawḥīd; but it is possible (cf. Soyūṭī, Lobb al-lobāb) that Tawḥīdī is derived from the name ahl al-tawḥīd wa’l-ʿadl adopted by the Moʿtazela and so would refer to his philosophical views. ... J. Lassner founder of the ʿĪsāwīya, an obscure Jewish sect in Islamic times. The sources dealing with Abū ʿĪsā and his movement are scanty and often fragmentary. No mention is made of him in the medieval chronicles, an indication that the movement which he led was of little political consequence. There are, however, slight references to the ʿĪsāwīya in the heresiographical literature, particularly in Šahrestānī. ... W. M. Watt heretical theologian of the 3rd/9th century. His birthdate is unknown, and there are contradictory statements about the date of his death. Masʿūdī (Morūǰ VII, p. 236) says he died in 247/861-62. It is also stated, however (in a late work quoted in the notes to Ḵayyāṭ, Ketāb al-enteṣār, ed. H. S. Nyberg, Cairo, 1927, p. 205), that his pupil Ebn al-Rāwandī (q.v.). ... D. Pingree full name: ABŪ JAʿFAR MOḤAMMAD B. AL-ḤASAN AL-ḴĀZEN AL-ḴORĀSĀNĪ, astronomer (ca. 287/900-probably 360/970). According to Ebn al-Nadīm (Fehrest, pp. 138, 250) and Ebn al-Qefṭī (Taʾrīḵ al-ḥokamāʾ, ed. J. Lippert, Leipzig, 1903, p. 40), a commentary on the beginning of Aristotle’s De caelo was dedicated to him by Kendī’s pupil, Abū Zayd Balḵī (q.v., d. 322/934). ... D. Pingree B. ʿABDALLĀH B. ḤABAŠ, mid- to late 3rd/9th century astronomer, son of a famous astronomer from Marv. Ebn al-Nadīm, followed by Ebn al-Qefṭī, attributed to Abū Jaʿfar a Ketāb al-asṭorlāb al-mosaṭṭaḥ (“Book of the plane astrolabe”). A manuscript of the text survives in Paris. See ṬŪSĪ, ABŪ JAʿFAR. See ʿEMĀD-AL-DĪN. C. E. Bosworth , ʿALĀʾ-AL-DAWLA, second son of the Kakuyid amir of Jebāl, ʿAlāʾ-al-dawla Moḥammad b. Došmanzīār, ruled in Hamadān and parts of what are now Kurdistan and Luristan, 433-37/1041-42 to 1045, d. 443/1051-52. When ʿAlāʾ-al-dawla died in 433/1041-42, Abū Kālīǰār Garšāsp’s elder brother, Abū Manṣūr Farāmarz (q.v.), succeeded in the Kakuyid capital of Isfahan as head of the family and supreme chief. ... C. E. Bosworth , ʿALĀʾ-AL-DAWLA ʿAŻOD-AL-DĪN B. ʿALĪ B. ABĪ MANṢŪR FARĀMARZ B. ʿALĀʾ-AL-DAWLA MOḤAMMAD, member of the Dailamite dynasty of the Kakuyids (d. 536/1141?). Like his father ʿAlī and grandfather Abū Manṣūr Farāmarz (q.v.), Abū Kālīǰār Garšāsp was head of the Kakuyid family in their fief of the town of Yazd, which had been granted by the Saljuq Toḡrïl Beg in 433/1051. ... Ch. Pellat a Persian slave of Moḡīra b. Šoʿba, the governor of Baṣra, who assassinated the caliph ʿOmar b. al-Ḵaṭṭāb, on Wednesday, 26 Ḏu’l-ḥeǰǰa 23/2 November 644. The sources agree on his Persian origin, but disagree with respect of his religion; some claim that he was a Mazdean from Nehāvand, while others claim that he was Christian called Fērōz Naṣrānī. What motivated him to kill ʿOmar is not clear. ... C. E. Bosworth , ẒAHĪR-AL-DĪN ŠAMS-AL-MOLK, eldest son of the Kakuyid amir of Jebāl, ʿAlāʾ-al-dawla Moḥammad b. Došmanzīār. He reigned in Isfahan, 433-43/1041-51, and died at some unknown date after 455/1063. He may thus be considered as the second independent ruler of the Kakuyid dynasty, whose original fortunes had been made as commanders under the Buyids and who played a significant role in the first half of the 5th/11 century, skillfully maintaining their position in Isfahan, Hamadān and other towns of Jebāl against the three rival great powers of the Buyids, Ghaznavids, and Saljuqs. ... Dj. Khalegi-Motlagh minister (dastūr) of Abū Manṣūr b. ʿAbd-al-Razzāq (q.v., d. 350/961), a military commander of Khorasan under the Samanids. When the latter decided to have a Šāh-nāma composed in New Persian, he instructed his minister to gather in Ṭūs a number of Zoroastrian scholars and dehqāns; under Maʿmarī’s direction they translated the Pahlavi Xwadāy-nāmag (q.v.), expanding it with material from other sources. ... Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh B. ʿABDALLĀH B. FARROḴ, a dehqān (landowner) of Ṭūs, official under the Samanids, and patron of a lost prose Šāh-nāma (Šāh-nāma-ye Abū Manṣūrī). When Khorasan was assigned to Abū ʿAlī Čaḡānī, Abū Manṣūr governed Ṭūs as his deputy until 335/946-47. He then joined Abū ʿAlī in rebellion. ... L. Richter-Bernburg , ḤAKĪM (fl. ca. 370-80/980-90), author of the oldest preserved Persian text on materia medica, Ketāb al-abnīa ʿan ḥaqāʾeq al-adwīa. He is known only from this source, which provides his name and title and attests to his Muslim faith (ed. Bahmanyār [see bibliog.], p. 1). Knowledge of his place and date of activity is necessarily approximate. Of the two preserved manuscripts of his Ketāb al-abnīa, the copy made by the poet Asadī Ṭūsī in Šawwāl, 447/December, 1055-January, 1056 is the oldest extant New Persian manuscript, and early attracted scholarly attention. ... D. Pingree mathematician. Apparently sometime during the 9th/15th century Abū Manṣūr wrote two works preserved in a manuscript at Florence: 1. Resāla fī ʿelm al-ḥesāb (“Epistle concerning computation”); 2. Resāla fi’l-ǰabr wa’l-moqābala (“Epistle concerning algebra”). D. Pingree JAʿFAR B. MOḤAMMAD BALḴĪ, astronomer and astrologer, born in Balḵ on 20 Ṣafar 171/10 August 787. Abū Maʿšar (called Albumasar in Medieval Latin, Apomasar in Byzantine Greek) must have received his early education in that cosmopolitan city and acquired there his strong sense of the intellectual primacy of Iran among the nations of the Eurasian continent. He came to Baghdad in the early 3rd/9th century as an expert on Hadith, but by the late 820’s—apparently as the result of a dispute with al-Kendī—had taken up the study of astronomy and astrology. ... Ḡ. Ḥ. Yūsofī prominent leader in the ʿAbbasid cause. He was born either at Marv or in the vicinity of Isfahan ca. 100-01/718-19 or 105-09/723-27. Sources differ regarding his original name and his origin. Some make him a descendant of Gōdarz and of the vizier Bozorgmehr (q.v.) and call him Ebrāhīm; some name him Behzādān, son of Vendād Hormoz (e.g., Moǰmal al-tawārīḵ, p. ... Wilferd Madelung AL-KĀTEB, secretary, official, man of letters, and Muʿtazilite Koran commentator, b. 254/868, probably in Isfahan. Nothing is known about his teachers. He must have come to Baghdad at an early age, for there he visited the house of the poet Boḥtorī, who left Iraq in 279/892. At a social gathering in the caliphal court, he argued eloquently his claim that his home town Isfahan was the most pleasant spot on earth. ... L. A. Giffen , AL-ḤAKAM B. ʿABDALLĀH B. SALAMA B. ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN, faqīh, judge, and traditionist, disciple of Abū Ḥanīfa, died 183/799 in Balḵ. Abū Moṭīʿ was a judge for sixteen years in his native Balḵ. He traveled to Baghdad several times and perhaps elsewhere, at least to Medina, Mecca, and Kūfa; for among the names of persons from whom he is said to have heard Traditions are those of three men who were to become eponyms of schools of Islamic law. ... E. Ehlers island in the Persian Gulf. i . Description. ii. Recent history. Situated near 26° north latitude and 55° east longitude, it is about two miles long and only a few square miles in area. It rises to a maximum 360 feet in height, consists of coral limestone and volcanic material, is covered with a thin grassy steppe, and lacks a natural growth of trees. This island’s location at the end of the Persian Gulf, near the strait of Hormoz, is strategically favorable. ... Guive Mirfendereski (Bu Musā), a small island in the eastern Persian Gulf (lat 25°52′N, long 55°2′E). Persia considers it a town within the Abu Musā township (šahrestān) of the Hormozgān (q.v.) Province (Nurbaḵš, pp. 308, 314-15). The Shaikhdom of Sharjah of the United Arab Emirates claims it as its own. In November 1971 Persia and Sharjah partitioned the island into two exclusive zones of national jurisdiction. In 1992 Persia took control of the entire island, alleging security concerns. ... J. van Ess full name: ABŪ MŪSĀ ʿĪSĀ B. ṢOBAYḤ (or ṢABĪḤ) AL-MORDĀR, theologian and ascetic, early representative of the Baghdad branch of the Moʿtazela (d. 226/840-41). His surname al-Mordār is frequently transmitted in a corrupt form: Mozdār (Ḥākem al-Jošamī, Šarḥ ʿoyūn al-masāʾel; cf. Qāżī ʿAbd-al-Jabbār, Fażl al-eʿtezāl). ... G. R. Hawting , ʿABDALLĀH B. QAYS, a Companion of the Prophet and important participant in the troubles which occupied the caliphate of ʿAlī. He was at various times governor of Baṣra and Kūfa and was involved in the early Arab conquests in Persia. In spite of plentiful references to him in the sources for the early history of Islam, it is not possible to be sure regarding many of the details of his career and the interpretation and evaluation of the role which he played in certain events. ... C. E. Bosworth B. ESMĀʿĪL SĀMĀNĪ, called AMĪR-E ŠAHĪD (“the martyred amir”) because of his violent death, Samanid amir in Transoxania and Khorasan (295-301/907-14). Under his father, Esmāʿīl b. Aḥmad (the real founder of Samanid fortunes), he had been for a time governor of the recently conquered province of Gorgān (see below). Succeeding as amir, he became ruler of a considerable empire. This included not only the heartland of the original Samanid governorate in Soḡd, but also the rich province of Khorasan; the latter passed definitely to the Samanids after the defeat and capture of the Saffarid adventurer ʿAmr. ... See QEWĀM-AL-DĪN ŻĪĀʾ-AL-MOLK. W. M. Watt an alleged teacher of Abū Ḥāmed Ḡazālī (q.v., 450-505/1058-1111); it is not possible to identify him. A well-known Abū Naṣr Aḥmad b. Emām Abū Bakr Aḥmad al-Esmāʿīlī taught in Gorgān but died in 405/1014-15 (Sobkī, Ṭabaqāt1 III, p. 37). ... C. E. Bosworth , ṮEQAT-AL-DĪN ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN B. ʿABD-AL-JABBĀR B. ʿOṮMĀN, 472-546/1079-1151, local historian of Herat in the Saljuq period. The scanty biographical information we possess derives only from Samʿānī [Leiden], fol. 418b) and from Ebn al-ʿEmād (Šaḏarāt al-ḏahab, Cairo, 1350-51/1931-33, IV, p. 140). These authors describe him as pious and modest, a ḥāfeẓ, traditionist, and copyist of sacred texts, from whom many scholars in Herat and Pūšang subsequently related Traditions. ... See FĀRĀBĪ, ABŪ NAṢR. C. E. Bosworth , QEWĀM-AL-MOLK NEẒĀM-AL-DĪN, official, soldier and poet of the Ghaznavid empire, flourished in the second half of the 5th/11th century during the reigns of the sultans Ebrāhīm b. Masʿūd I and Masʿūd III b. Ebrāhīm (qq.v.). His antecedents and his dates of birth and death are obscure, but it seems that his family had settled at Lahore and had a background of service to the Ghaznavids. ... D. Pingree B. ʿALĪ B. ʿERĀQ, mathematician and astronomer, born probably in Gīlān about 349/960. Abū Naṣr presumably belonged to the Banū ʿErāq, who were the Ḵᵛārazmšāhs ruling from Kāṯ until their overthrow by Abū ʿAlī Maʾmūn in 385/995-96. Bīrūnī, who calls him his teacher (Āṯār al-bāqīya, pp. 184-85). ... H. Moayyad head of the Ghaznavid chancery under Maḥmūd and Masʿūd from 401/1011-12 till his death in 431/1039-40. The name Manṣūr appears only in Ṯaʿālebī’s Tatemmat al-yatīma (ed. ʿA. Eqbāl, Tehran, 1353/1934-35, vol. 2, p. 62) and his Ḵāṣṣ al-ḵāṣṣ (Beirut, 1966, p. 222). Both place and year of his birth are unknown, and the nesbas al-Zūzanī al-Ḵᵛāfī, mentioned in Moǰmal-e faṣīḥī. ... K. A. Luther EṢFAHĀNĪ ʿAZĪZ-AL-DĪN (or AL-ʿAZĪZ) AḤMAD B. AḤMAD B. MOḤAMMAD B. ʿABDALLĀH, 472-527/1079-80 to 1133, well-known official of the Saljuqs of Iraq. He began service in the central dīvāns late in the reign of Sultan Moḥammad (498-511/1105-18) as assistant to Kamāl-al-molk Somayramī who was mošref-e mamālek (chief financial inspector), then mostawfī-e mamālek (minister of finance), then vizier of Moḥammad’s son Maḥmūd (511-25/1118-31). ... See ʿOTBĪ, ABŪ NAṢR. See QOŠAYRĪ, ABŪ NAṢR. W. Madelung AL-ḤĀFEẒ, AḤMAD B. ʿABDALLĀH B. AḤMAD B. ESḤĀQ B. MŪSĀ B. MEHRĀN AL-AḤWAL, famous traditionist and author of the collection of Sufi biographies Ḥelyat al-awlīāʾ. He was born in Isfahan in Raǰab, 336/January-February, 948 (the variant dates 334 or 330 given in some sources appear less reliable) into a family of Iranian origin which had been long established in the town. ... C. E. Bosworth AL-MOṮANNĀ, Arabic philologist and grammarian (probably 110-209/728-824, but the sources have other, slightly different dates). His father and grandfather came from Bāǰarvān, but he himself was born in Baṣra, a mawlā of the clan of Taym of Qorayš. The assertion that his family was of Jewish origin is probably a calumny of his enemies; more probably it was of Mesopotamian or Persian stock, since the Fehrest applies to him the Persian nickname Saḵt, “the powerful, overbearing one.” ... L. A. Giffen B. ABĪ ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN FARRŪḴ AL-TAYMĪ, often called RABĪʿAT-AL-RAʾY, important lawyer of the ancient school of Medina and transmitter of Traditions from Companions of the Prophet, died 136/753. Rabīʿa was a native of Medina and lived there most of his life. He was a mawlā of the Āl Monkader. ... See ḠAZNAVĪ, ABŪ RAJĀʾ. D. W. Madelung , SAʿID B. MOḤAMMAD B. SAʿID B. ḤASAN B. ḤĀTEM, Muʿtazilite scholar. He was probably born not later than 360/970. At first he adhered to the Baghdad school of the Moʿtazela, i.e., the doctrine of Abu’l-Qāsem Kaʿbi (d. 319/921), which was prevalent in Khorasan and Transoxania, and had a teaching circle in Nišāpur. S. D. Goitein businessman and quasi-vizier in Fatimid Egypt, d. 439/1047. Sahl and two younger brothers emigrated from Ahvāz and founded one of the most prominent business firms in the Egyptian capital. The scope and high quality of their undertaking are shown in letters addressed to them from Ahvāz (11 Ṣafar 417/5 March 1026) and Qayrawān, Tunisia (Goitein, Letters, pp. 34-39, 73-79). The Egyptian Tostarīs remained in close contact with their homeland; a Jewish Persian court record from Ahvāz reveals that their sister Hannah made claims in that city in her own name and in those of her brothers. ... D. Pingree 2nd/8th century astrologer and author. The family of Nawbaḵt is said to have claimed descent from the Kayanid hero Gēv, the son of Gōdarz, but it is not known from what part of Iran Nawbaḵt himself came. Nawbaḵt first appears as an astrologer in the entourage of the second ʿAbbasid caliph, Manṣūr (136-58/754-75), under whose influence he converted from Zoroastrianism to Islam. ... Ḡ. Ḥ. Yūsofī (or Ḥamdūʾī), AḤMAD B. ḤASAN, Ghaznavid official of the 4th-5th/11th century. His laqab is sometimes cited as Ḥamdūnī (e.g., Bayhaqī) but the more frequent form is established as correct by the rhyme words matched with it in Arabic and Persian poems; Ṯaʿālebī gives the full name, the laqab as al-Ḥamdūʾī. ... C. E. Bosworth vizier of the Ghaznavids in the 5th/11th century. He served Sultan Ebrāhīm b. Masʿūd (451-92/1059-99) as that ruler’s second vizier, succeeding Abū Bakr b. Abī Ṣāleḥ (q.v.), probably in the early part of the reign. All that is known of his background is that he had been secretary in the Ghaznavid dīvāns since the time of Sultan Masʿūd. At some unspecified date he fell from favor and was arrested and blinded at the sultan’s orders. ... Ḡ. Ḥ. Yūsofī full name: ḴᵛĀJA ABŪ SAHL DABĪR ʿABDALLĀH B. AḤMAD B. LAKŠAN, official under the Ghaznavid amirs Maḥmūd (388-421/998-1030) and Masʿūd (421-32/1031-41). The name Lakšan occurs with several variants in Bayhaqī, but the meter of Farroḵī’s panegyrics establishes the vocalization. ... W. Madelung , ESMĀʿIL B. ʿALI B. ESḤĀQ B. ABI SAHL, also called EBN NAWBAḴT (b. 237/851-52 in Baghdad, d. 311/924), a prominent member of the Nawbaḵtī family and noted Imamite leader and scholar. Nothing is known about his father or about his own upbringing and early career. His philosophical interests brought him into contact with the Sabian philosopher, logician, and mathematician, Ṯābet b. Qorra (d. 288/834); he published his debates with him as Maǰāles Ṯābet b. Qorra. ... D. Pingree (also QŪHĪ), mathematician and astronomer. He was born ca. 330/940 at Kūh, which, according to Ebn al-Nadīm (Fehrest, pp. 283-84), was in the mountains of Māzandarān. He was well enough known as an astronomer and expert on observational instruments to be chosen, along with Aḥmad b. Moḥammad Seǰzī, Naẓīf b. Yomn the Greek, and Abu’l-Qāsem Ḡolām Zoḥal, to assist ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān Ṣūfī (q.v.). ... Ḡ. Ḥ. Yūsofī , MOḤAMMAD B. ḤOSAYN (or ḤASAN), courtier and official under the Ghaznavid amirs Maḥmūd (388-421/998-1030) and Masʿūd (421-32/1031-41), d. ca. 440-50/1050-59 (see Reżāʾī, “Abū Sahl,” pp. 221-22). He is known chiefly from references by his contemporary, the historian Bayhaqī (q.v.). His father was a religious scholar (Bayhaqī, 2nd ed., p. 222). ... P. Jackson BAHĀDOR KHAN, ʿALĀʾ-AL-DONYĀ-WA’L-DĪN, ninth Il-khan of Iran, the son and successor of Öljeitü (Ūlǰāytū). The more correct form of his name is Bū Saʿīd, as stated by Ṣafadī (al-Wāfī, p. 322) and confirmed by documents (see V. Minorsky, “A Mongol Decree of 720/1320 to the Family of Shaykh Zāhid, ” BSOAS 16, 1954: Busayid), but Abū Saʿīd is the name by which he is generally is known in history. ... G. Böwering , AḤMAD MĒHANĪ (or MAYHANĪ), famous Iranian mystic, born 1 Moḥarram 357/7 December 967 at Mēhana, a small town in Khorasan, about fifty miles west of Saraḵs, and died there 4 Šaʿbān 440/12 January 1049. The major sources for his biography, two Persian hagiographies, were compiled by descendents of Abū Saʿīd about a century and a half after his death and reflect a tendency to embellish the saint in family tradition. ... W. Madelung ḤASAN B. BAHRĀM, founder of the Qarmaṭī state in Baḥrain (b. between 230/845, and 240/855, d. 300/913 or 301/913-14). A native of Jannābā on the coast of Fārs and of Persian origin, whether he himself claimed royal Persian descent or the claim was put forward later on his behalf is uncertain. He is said to have worked in Jannābā as a furrier or a flour merchant before journeying to the Sawād of Kūfa where he married into the family of the Banu’l-Qaṣṣār, who were prominent in the early Ismaʿili movement there. ... Y. Bregel B. KUČKUNČI, cousin of Šaybānī Khan (q.v.) and great-grandson of Uluḡ Beg (q.v.) in the female line, khan of the Uzbeks of Transoxania (936-40/1530-33). He became the heir-apparent to his father only shortly before the death of the latter, after the death of two senior Shaibanid sultans, first Soyunč Ḵᵛāǰa b. Abi’l-Ḵayr and later Jānībeġ b. Ḵᵛāǰa Moḥammad. ... G. Lazard poet of the Samanid period. Nothing is known of his life. Allusions in his poetry indicate that he was a professional poet and had suffered reverses; in one distich (Āfarīn-nāma, line 36; in Lazard, Premiers poǰtes) he presents himself as a stranger imploring the protection of the “king of the world,” probably the Samanid amir. R. W. Bulliet HĀMDĀNĪ, head of the Hashemite propaganda organization (daʿwa) that sparkled the ʿAbbasid revolution and first vizier of the new dynasty. Abū Salama was a Kufan mawlā of an Arab tribe variously reported to have been al-Sabīʿ or al-Ḥāreṯ b. Kaʿb. His nesba Ḵallāl is variously explained as derived from manufacturing, or associating with makers, of vinegar (or else of sword scabbards). ... C. E. Bosworth B. ESḤĀQ B. AḤMAD B. ASAD SĀMĀNĪ, Samanid prince, the cousin of the amir Aḥmad b. Esmāʿīl (295-301/907-14) and uncle of his successor Naṣr b. Aḥmad (301-31/914-43). Little is known of his personal life, except that he filled various governorships on behalf of the Samanid rulers. Esmāʿīl b. Aḥmad (279-95/892-907) appointed him over Ray after the Samanid conquest of northern Persia as far as Qazvīn in 289/902. ... C. E. Bosworth B. NAṢR, called AL-AMĪR AL-SADĪD and AL-MALEK AL-MOẒAFFAR (350-66/961-76), Samanid ruler in Transoxania and Khorasan and successor of his brother ʿAbd-al-Malek after the latter’s death in Šawwāl, 350/November, 961. ʿAbd-al-Malek’s reign had been filled with discord, the amir striving to free himself from domination by the great military leaders, but he fell under the domination of the slave commander Alptigin, governor of Khorasan, and the latter’s then ally, the vizier Abū ʿAlī Moḥammad Baḷʿamī. ... M. N. Osmanov (SOLAYK, according to Forūzānfar), Persian poet, contemporary of ʿAmr b. Layṯ the Saffarid (265-88/879-901). The taḏkeras Maǰmaʿ al-foṣaḥāʾ and Lobāb al-albāb have preserved two fragments from his work in four bayts. In the first fragment, written in ramal meter (-ᴗ--/-ᴗ--/-ᴗ-), the established traditions of written poetry can be felt, evidence of the fact that the verses have been subjected to literary reworking in the process of repeated copying. ... J. W. Clinton , ṢĀLEḤ B. MOḤAMMAD, or BŪ ŠOʿAYB as he is more commonly known, one of the many poets of the Samanid court which has survived virtually in name only. Hedāyat identifies him in the Maǰmaʿ al-foṣaḥāʾ (I, p. 139) as having been active during the latter part of Rūdakī’s life, but this dating is simply speculation. ... H. Halm , QĀŻĪ TAQĪ-AL-DĪN AḤMAD B. AL-ḤASAN (or B. AL-ḤOSAYN) B. AḤMAD AL-ʿABBĀDĀNĪ, 434-500/1042-43 to 1106, Shafeʿite jurist. He was born in Baṣra; his father was from ʿAbbādān and his grandfather from Isfahan. Abū Šoǰāʿ taught Shafeʿite law in his native city for over forty years. He edited a summary of the subject which was widely used and highly esteemed; it was later often versified and made the object of commentaries. ... See ʿAŻOD-AL-DAWLA. See SEJESTĀNĪ, ABŪ SOLAYMĀN. O. Watson designation of a family of leading potters from Kāšān, known through four generations (602-734/1205-1333). The first member of the family may be a certain Bū Ṭāher Ḥosayn, who is known through a single signed example of his work, a bowl decorated in the mīnāʾī technique and dateable by its style to the end of the 6th/12th century. Painted in colored enamels on a blue glaze, it displays a series of circular medallions each containing a seated figure. ... See ATĀBEGS OF LORESTĀN. Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh , MOWAFFAQ-AL-DAWLA, officer, famous poet, and author in the reign of the Saljuq Sultan Moḥammad b. Malekšāh (498-511/1105-18). He was the accountant (mostawfī) for Gowhar Ḵātūn, wife of Sultan Moḥammad; hence, probably, his epithet Ḵātūnī. The title (laqab) Kamāl-al-dīn (Maǰmaʿ al-foṣaḥāʾ I, p. 141) is discredited by the earlier evidence of Asadī Ṭūsī. ... M. Dabīrsīāqī a poet of the Samanid period. He was a contemporary of Rūdakī; according to Šams-al-dīn Moḥammad b. Qays (al-Moʿǰam fī maʿāyīr ašʿār al-ʿaǰam, ed. M. Qazvīnī and Modarres Rażawī, Tehran, 1338 Š./1959, p. 470) he took the subject matter of a couplet by Rūdakī describing the dyeing of the beard and moustache and composed two lines on it. ... M. Zand full name: MOLLĀ ABŪ ṬĀHER ḴᵛĀJA B. MAWLĀNĀ [MOLLĀ] MĪR ABŪ SAʿĪD ḴᵛĀJA SAMARQANDĪ (first half of the 13th/19th century), author of a book named Ṯamarīya or Samarīya dedicated mainly to the mazārs (shrines) in the vicinity of Samarkand. ... Hameed ud-Din ʿARĪZĪ, Mughal scholar chiefly famous for his alleged discovery of Malfūẓāt-e Tīmūrī or Wāqeʿāt-e Tīmūrī, an autobiographical account of Tīmūr from the 7th to the 74th year of his life. It also contains an appendix, called Tūzok or Tūzokāt (“Institutes”). But the veracity of both texts is in doubt, since the original Chaghatay Turkish document, supposedly discovered in the library of Jaʿfar Pāšā, ruler of Yemen, is no longer extant. ... See KALĪM. M. Baqir LANDANĪ B. ḤĀJJĪ MOḤAMMAD BEG KHAN TABRĪZĪ EṢFAHĀNĪ, official and author in British India. His father, an Azerbaijani Turk by descent, had emigrated from Isfahan to Lucknow. Abū Ṭāleb was born in Lucknow in 1166/1753. In 1775-76 he served as a district administrator in the regime of the prime minister of Awadh, Moḵtār-al-dawla. ... ʿA. Kārang , pen name ṬĀLEB, poet and physician, d. 1015/1606-07. Born into a noble family of Tabrīz (which was taken by the Ottomans in 993/1585), Abū Ṭāleb studied medicine and literature in Tabrīz and in Qazvīn, where he established his practice (Tarbīat, Dānešmandān, p. 243). He was a skilled writer of ḡazals, and he held literary soirees with his fellow poets (ibid.). He returned to Tabrīz in the troubled period following the death of the Safavid king Ṭahmāsp I (984/1576) and found a patron in the local governor, Jaʿfar Pāšā. ... B. Radtke , ʿASKAR B. ḤOSAYN (or B. MOḤAMMAD B. ḤOSAYN), noted 3rd/9th century ascetic. Although apparently born in Naḵšab near Bokhara, he is counted as one of the great shaikhs of Khorasan. His teacher is said to have been Ḥātem al-Aṣamm. Abū Torāb traveled extensively, heard Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal in Baghdad, lived in Syria for a time, and several times made the pilgrimage to Mecca. He died in 245/859 in the desert (some sources say between Mecca and Medina, others say near Baṣra, stating he was torn by lions). ... S. Moinul Haq B. SHAH QOṬB-AL-DĪN ŠOKRALLĀH, MĪR, noble in the service of Akbar and author of Tārīḵ-e Goǰrāt, a short history of that province from the reign of Bahādor Shah (932-43/1526-36), with an account of his wars against Homāyūn, through Akbar’s conquest and up to 992/1584. Abū Torāb was born into the Salāmī family of Shiraz sayyeds. His grandfather, the scholar Sayyed Shah Mīr, migrated from Shiraz and settled in Champanir by 898/1492-93. ... J. van Ess disciple of Ebn Karrām (d. 255/869). He called God’s hands, His face (waǰh), etc. “bodies” (aǰsām) and seems, by that, to bear some responsibility for the “anthropomorphic” image of the Karrāmīya (q.v.). He was also a traditionist (moḥaddeṯ); some of his traditions are preserved in the Karrāmī manuscript B.M. 8049. P. E. Walker (or SEJZĪ), ESḤĀQ B. AḤMAD, one of the most important of the early Ismaʿili dāʿīs. He achieved during his lifetime (fl. second-third quarters of the 4th/10th century) a special renown as a teacher and leader among the Ismaʿilis and gained even more recognition during subsequent generations for the influence of his doctrinal writings, which have been preserved and studied by members of the sect until modern times. His written works, only recently uncovered and publicized by non-Ismaʿili researchers, reveal that his contribution to the development of the sect’s doctrinal position was seminal. ... H. Algar (440-535/1048-49 to 1140), important figure in the history of Iranian and Central Asian Sufism (largely neglected by both Iranian and Western scholarship). He was the first of the Ḵᵛāǰagān, a line of Transoxanian masters from which evolved the Naqšbandī and Yasavī orders. He was born in Būzanǰerd near Hamadān, and left for Baghdad at the age of eighteen. There he studied feqh and Hadith under a number of teachers, of whom the principal was Abū Esḥāq Šīrāzī, and developed an enthusiastic loyalty to the Hanafite maḏhab which he later transmitted to his spiritual progeny. ... See BESṬĀMĪ, BĀYAZĪD. W. Madelung , ʿABD-AL-SALĀM B. MOḤAMMAD B. YŪSOF B. BONDĀR, Muʿtazilite scholar and author of an immense Koran commentary, born Šaʿbān, 393/June, 1003 (according to another report 391) in Qazvīn. His family appears to have been wealthy. His father was lettered, transmitting poetry of Qāżī ʿAlī b. ʿAbd-al- ʿAzīz Jorǰānī to his son. Abū Yūsof claimed to have begun hearing Hadith at the age of four. ... W. M. Watt in his day a noted scholar in both Islamic and philosophical disciplines, but now known chiefly as a geographer. He was born in the village of Šāmestīān, near Balḵ in Khorasan, ca. 235/849 and died there in Ḏu’l-qaʿda, 322/October, 934. His father was a schoolmaster from Seǰestān. As a young man he left home and traveled on foot as far as Iraq with a company of pilgrims bound for Mecca. He spent eight years in Iraq, assiduously studying many different subjects. ... O. Watson perhaps the single most important luster potter of Kāšān known to us. More signed and dated works (from 587/1191 to 616/1219) are known by him than by any other potter, and his signature occurs on a greater variety of wares, including both tiles and vessels. His high status as a potter is shown by his collaboration with Moḥammad b. Abī Ṭāher (see Abū Ṭāher) in the decoration of the two holiest Shiʿite shrines at Qom (602/1205) and Mašhad (612/1215-16). ... O. Watson a potter who signed a ceramic bowl in the enameled (mīnāʾī) technique dated 4 Moḥarram 582/26 March 1186. Painted in blue, aubergine, and black on a turquoise ground, it depicts two personages seated on a throne with four attendants listening to a presentation by another seated figure. Another bowl in the same technique now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, painted in black, blue, green, and red on a white ground, and showing a figure seated on a donkey with a number of attendants, bears an incomplete signature. ... L. Richter-Bernburg author of the medical text Šarāyeṭ-e ǰarrāḥī; its dedication to the Timurid Šāhroḵ (r. 807-50/1404-47) provides the only context for his life. Judging by the text, he was a practicing surgeon (and not an oculist, Kaḥḥāl). The book, although titled “Surgical Requirements,” is actually a general medical handbook—thus an example of a common genre in Muslim medical literature. As was customary in Abū Zayn’s period, the discussion emphasizes the compounding of drugs and a survey of diseases with their appropriate treatment. ... E. Yarshater an oasis village of the province of Kāšān, called Būzābād for short and Bīzeva in the local dialect. It is situated thirty km to the east and slightly to the south of the city of Kāšān (Razmārā, Farhang III, p. 3) on a flat plain bordered by sand and salt deserts to the east, with a number of qanāts as its water supply. In the 19th century, the village was considered the eastern confine of Greater Kāšān, lying seven farsaḵs from the city’s gate. ... E. Yarshater (Būzābādī for short), a variety of the local dialects of Kāšān province, spoken in the village of Abūzaydābād (q.v.) and its farms, and belonging to the Central or Median group of Iranian dialects. In general features, Abūzaydābādī resembles Abyānaʾī (q.v., as a sample of the Kāšān province local dialects). In phonology, worthy of note is the ž < original j (Ir. ǰ, IE. g2 gh2). ... See NAṢAVĪ. See ʿANBARĪ. Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh Sufi, jurist, and traditionist, one of the first poets to write in New Persian. Soyūṭī (d. 911/1505) and, following him, ʿAlāʾ-al-dīn Dede (d. 1007/1598) date his death to 300/912 (Ṣafā, Adabīyāt I, p. 178); while according to ʿAwfī (Lobāb, pp. 21f.) and Maǰmaʿ al-foṣaḥāʾ (I, pp. vii, 131-32), he flourished towards the end of the 2nd/8th-9th century. ... C. E. Bosworth called NĀKŪK, secretary and poet of the Ghaznavid period, d. 491/1098. Little is known of his life, but ʿAwfī, in a biographical notice in his Lobāb al-albāb, gives him the title of ʿamīd and kāteb. It seems that he filled high office under the Ghaznavid sultan Ebrāhīm b. Masʿūd (450-92/1059-99). It is probable that he had some connection with the chief secretary, Abū Sahl Zūzanī (q.v.). ... Ż. Sajjādi , NEẒĀM-AL-DĪN MAḤMŪD, 6th/12th century poet at the court of Ḵāqān Faḵr-al-dīn Manūčehr Šervānšāh. He is also referred to as Ostāḏ-al-šoʿarāʾ, an allusion to the fact that two more illustrious poets, Falakī and Ḵāqānī Šervānī, were among his pupils. ... L. A. Giffen , ḤASAN B. AḤMAD B. ḤASAN B. MOḤAMMAD B. SAHL B. SALAMA AL-ʿAṬṬĀR, saintly specialist in the science of Koran readings (qerāʾāt) and Tradition, born in Hamadān in 488/1090 and died in 569/1173. Abu’l-ʿAlāʾ pursued his education in Hamadān, Isfahan, Khorasan, Baghdad, and Wāseṭ, hearing eminent traditionists of his time and mastering grammar, Koranic sciences, literature, genealogy, and history. ... M. Zand (referred to also as BU’L-ʿALĀʾ, in both forms either with or without the nesba), early Persian poet and prosodist (the earliest known from the Šoštar area). The identity of the poet referred to simply as (A)bu’l-ʿAlāʾ with (A)bu’l-ʿAlāʾ Šoštarī is indicated by remains of his poetry. ... I. Abbas ʿABDALLĀH B. ḴOLAYD (or ḴĀLED or ḴOWAYLED) B. SAʿD, Tahirid court poet. Abu’l-ʿAmayṯal boasted of being a client of the Hashimites; raised as a true Beduin in the tribe of Banu’l-Qayn b. Jasr, he fully mastered Arabic. He moved to Khorasan, probably about 193-202/808-17, when Maʾmūn was still there. The excellence of his poetry must have attracted the attention of that ʿAbbasid prince and of his vizier. ... D. Pingree , MOḤAMMAD B. ESḤĀQ B. ABI’L-ʿANBAS B. AL-MAḠĪRA B. MĀHĀN, astrologer and author, born at Kūfa, 213/828; died 275/889. That he was an Iranian is indicated by his knowledge of the Sasanian astrologers Zaradūšt and Bozorǰmehr as well as by his great-great-grandfather’s name. He served as qāżī of Ṣaymara, the chief town of Mehrǰānqaḏaq district in Jebāl. ... H. Algar B. ḴᵛĀJA BAHĀʾ-AL-DĪN B. ḴᵛĀJA AḤMAD, author of Jāmeʿ al-maqāmāt on the life of the Naqšbandī saint, Mawlānā Ḵᵛāǰagī Kāsānī (d. 949/1542), written in 1028/1618. Known as Maḵdūm-e Aʿẓam, Kāsānī was the progenitor of the important Jūybārī branch of the Naqšbandī order. ... W. Madelung , AWḤAD-AL-ZAMĀN HEBATALLĀH B. ʿALĪ B. MALKĀ BALADĪ, 5th-6th/11th-12th century physician and philosopher of Jewish origin, born in Balad, a town on the Tigris above Mosul. If Ẓahīr-al-dīn Bayhaqī’s information that he died in 547/1152 at the age of ninety solar years is approximately correct, he was born ca. 454/1062. According to another report, he died at the age of about eighty. ... M. U. Memon Indo-Persian poet (commonly known as MOLLĀ MONĪR LĀHŪRĪ), b. at Lahore, 12 Ramażān 1019/28 November 1610. He is generally regarded as one of the three major poets of Lahore during the reign of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahān (Yamīn Khan, Tārīḵ-e šeʿr, p. 310). Monīr came from a family noted for its fine poetic taste, cultural refinement and piety. ... See BAR HEBRAEUS. M. Siddiqi an early Persian poet. Nothing is known about his birth and early life, except that he was born in Rūna, the exact location of which is uncertain. According to ʿAwfī, Rūnī’s birthplace was Lahore (Lobāb II, p. 241). Reżā-qolī Hedāyat states that Abu’l-Faraǰ was born in Rūna, a hamlet of Nīšāpūr, while Loṭf-ʿAlī Beg Āḏar places Rūna in the region of Dašt-e Ḵāvarān, Khorasan. ... O. Watson a potter known through a single signed piece reputedly found in Sāva. It consists of a dome-shaped candlestick decorated with a broad frieze of figures alternately seated and standing against a foliate scroll. Around the base runs an inscription in Persian, including the signature. It is decorated in the silhouette technique with a thick black slip carved and incised under a transparent blue glaze. The technique allows the piece to be dated to the last quarter of the 6th/12th century. K. Abū Deeb , ʿALĪ B. AL-ḤOSAYN B. MOḤAMMAD B. AḤMAD, author of the Ketāb al-aḡānī. He was a Quraishite and the descendant of the Omayyad house, and received his konya, Eṣfahānī, from his birthplace. He was brought up and educated in Baghdad, traveled in various regions in search of knowledge and livelihood, and returned to Baghdad, where he died. M. Dabīrsīāqī 4th/10th century poet of Sīstān, author of several lost works on the art of poetry. Only three couplets have been preserved from his compositions. Abu’l-Faraǰ was an adherent of Abū ʿAlī Sīmǰūrī (d. 387/997) on whose behest he wrote invectives against the Ghaznavids. When Sultan Maḥmūd defeated Abū ʿAlī, he imprisoned the poet but spared his life upon ʿOnṣorī’s intercession. ... D. Pingree full name: ABU’L-FATḤ B. MAḤMŪD (or MOḤAMMAD) B. AL-QĀSEM B. AL-FAŻL AL-EṢFAHĀNĪ, an early 6th/12th century astronomer. His best known work is his revision of books V-VII of the Arabic translation, completed by Helāl b. Abī Helāl and Ṯābet b. Qorra, of the Cronica of Apollonius of Perge. This section of that great work was first made known in western Europe through the Latin translation of Abu’l-Fatḥ’s version by the Maronite orientalist Abrahamus Echallensis and the Italian mathematician Johannes Alfonsus Borellus (see bibliography). ... E. Glassen full name: MĪR ABU’L-FATḤ ŠARAFĪ ŠARĪFĪ ḤOSAYNĪ ʿARABŠĀHĪ B. MOḤAMMAD B. MAḴDŪM B. SAYYED ŠARĪF JORJĀNĪ, Shiʿite jurist, d. 976/1568-69. He was descended from a famous family of erudite sayyeds whose most celebrated ancestor, Sayyed Šarīf ʿAlī b. Moḥammad Jorǰānī (d. 816/1413), was taken away by Tīmūr from Shiraz to Transoxania. ... J. R. Perry a chieftain of the Haft Lang branch of the Baḵtīārī and paramount chief (īlḵānī) of the tribe. Abu’l-Fatḥ was governor of Isfahan at the time of Nāder Shah’s death in 1160/1747; he was confirmed in this post by Nāder’s immediate successors, ʿĀdel Shah, Ebrāhīm, and Šāhroḵ. ... H. Busse son of the ruler of Qarābāḡ, Ebrāhīm Ḵalīl Khan Javānšīr, and through his sister brother-in-law of Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah. In the First Russo-Persian War Abu’l-Fatḥ Khan supported the Persians and fought on the side of the crown prince ʿAbbās Mīrzā (q.v.); his father placed himself under the protection of the Russians (in 1804) and died two years later near his capital, Shusha, in somewhat mysterious circumstances. ... H. Busse eldest son of Karīm Khan (Wakīl) of the Īnāq lineage of the Zand, b. 1169/1755-56. His mother was a sister of Esmāʿīl Solṭān Kord-e Qūčānī. In the dispute over the succession following the death of Karīm Khan (13 Ṣafar 1193/2 March 1779), one party backed Abu’l-Fatḥ Khan; the other supported the third son, Moḥammad ʿAlī Khan (b. 1174/1760-61); the second son had predeceased his father. ... H. Algar , MOʾAYYED-AL-DAWLA (d. 1330/1912), Qajar prince who held a number of governorships. His father was Solṭān Morād Mīrzā Ḥoṣām-al-salṭana, who likewise occupied a succession of government posts. He was married to Afsar-al-dawla, daughter of Nāṣer-al-dīn Shah by his first marriage, and was thus a brother-in-law of Kāmrān Mīrzā Nāʾeb-al-salṭana, who was for many years governor of Tehran. ... C. E. Bosworth B. YAʿQŪB, ŠAMS-AL-WOZARĀʾ QOṬB-AL-DĪN NEẒĀM-AL-MOLK, Ghaznavid vizier of the early 6th/12th century. The dates of his birth and death are unknown; the biographical works on viziers by Nāṣer-al-dīn Kermānī, Sayf-al-dīn Fażlī, and others stop short at the viziers of the later Ghaznavids. ... J. G. J. ter Harr , MOḤAMMAD EḤSĀN B. ḤASAN AḤMAD B. MOḤAMMAD HĀDĪ B. ʿOBAYDALLĀH B. MOḤAMMAD MAʿṢŪM B. AḤMAD, author of Rawżat al-qayyūmīya, a still unpublished taḏkera of the Naqšbandīya-Moǰaddedīya order in India. References in the text indicate that Abu’l-Fayż was born on 27 1121/2 October 1709 in Sirhind. ... See ʿABD-AL-ḤAMĪD B. VĀSEʿ. R. M. Eaton historian, officer, chief secretary, and confidant of the Mughal emperor Akbar I. Born on 6 Moḥarram 958/14 January 1551, he was the second son of Shaikh Mobārak, a teacher and scholar who had migrated to Agra in 950/1543 from Nagaur, Rajastan. Although Abu’l-Fażl grew up in the capital during the period when Akbar was reestablishing Mughal authority in north India, he was not initially attracted to court service, as had been his older brother Fayżī (q.v.). ... M. Momen (or ABU’L-FAŻĀʾEL), MĪRZĀ MOḤAMMAD, prominent Bahaʾi scholar and apologist. He was born in Jomādā II, 1260/June-July, 1844 in Golpāyegān, the son of Mīrzā Moḥammad-Reżā Šarīʿatmadār. After studying traditional Islamic sciences at Karbalā, Naǰaf, and Isfahan, he proceeded, in October, 1873 to Tehran, where he soon became head of Madrasa-ye Ḥakīm Hāšem, also known as Madrasa-ye Madār-e Šāh. ... S. ʿA. Anwār , ʿOBAYDALLĀH (also called ʿABDALLĀH and ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN) B. AḤMAD B. ʿALĪ, author and poet, d. 436/1045. Abu’l-Fażl traced his lineage back to the Sasanian king Pērōz. His mastery of Arabic literature was such that Ṯaʿālebī recognized him as the equal of Ebn ʿAmīd and Ṣāḥeb b. ʿAbbād. ... H. Algar (d. 453/1061?), preceptor of Abu’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī Hoǰvīrī (q.v., d. 465/1073), the author of the celebrated Persian treatise on Sufism, Kašf al-maḥǰūb. It is from this work that virtually our entire knowledge of Ḵottalī is derived (Samarqand, 1330/1912, pp. 208-09). ... P. P. Soucek full name: ABU’L-FAŻL B. FAŻLALLĀH MAJD-AL-DĪN MOḤAMMAD SĀVAJĪ (1248-1312/1832-95), a scholar, calligrapher, poet, and physician active in Qajar court circles. His father had moved to Tehran from Sāva, but his family was descended from Ḥasan Khan Šāmlū, the Safavid governor of Herat under Shah ʿAbbās I and Shah Ṣafī. Abu’l-Fażl was precocious, attaining renown as a poet, calligrapher, and physician by the age of twenty-three. ... L. A. Giffen , AL-ʿABBĀS B. AL-ḤOSAYN, vizier in the time of the Buyids, patron of the Shiʿi Arab poet Ebn al-Ḥaǰǰāǰ, born in Shiraz in 303/915, died at Kūfa in 362/973. C. E. Bosworth (in Jūzǰānī ABU’L-FATḤ) NAṢR B. ṬĀHER, amir of the line of later Saffarids, sometimes called the third dynasty of Saffarids and, by a historian like Jūzǰānī, the “Maleks of Nīmrūz and Seǰestān.” He succeeded his father Bahāʾ-al-dawla Ṭāher b. Moḥammad in about 483/1090-91 and died, a centenarian, in 559/1164. ... J. A. Wakin , ASʿAD B. ABI’L-FAŻĀʾEL MAḤMŪD B. ḴALAF AL-ʿEJLĪ, known also by his laqab Montaǰab-al-dīn (or in some sources Montaḵab-al-dīn), a well-known Shafeʿite scholar and traditionist. Abu’l-Fotūḥ was born in Isfahan in 514/1120 or 515/1121, and studied traditions there with a number of leading scholars, including Omm Ebrāhīm Fāṭema, daughter of ʿAbdallāh Jūzdānīya. ... M. J. McDermott , JAMĀL-AL-DĪN ḤOSAYN B. ʿALĪ B. MOḤAMMAD B. AḤMAD B. EBRĀHĪM B. AL-FAŻL B. ŠOJĀʿ B. HĀŠEM ḴOZĀʿĪ, Shiʿite commentator on the Koran who lived in the first half of the 6th/12th century. He came of an illustrious Arab family, his ancestor Bodayl b. Warqāʾ having fought, together with his sons, alongside ʿAlī at Ṣeffīn (q.v.). ... B. Spuler BAHĀDOR KHAN, khan of Ḵīva (r. 1054-74/1644 to 1663-64) and Čaḡatāy historian. The son of ʿArab Moḥammad Khan, Uzbek ruler of the Shaibanid dynasty (q.v.) and a princess of the same royal house, he was probably born 16 Rabīʿ I 1012/24 August 1603. He spent his youth at his father’s court in Organǰ and then in Kāṯ, where he was his father’s deputy from 1029/1619 onwards. ... D. Pingree astronomer, fl. after ca. 215/830. He is known through citations by Bīrūnī. He used the revolutions of the planets in a mahāyuga according to the system of the Indian Āryabhaṭa (Bīrūnī, India, Hyderabad [Deccan], 1958, p. 357; tr. E. Sachau, London, 1910, II, p. 19;). ... C. E. Bosworth first vizier for the Ghaznavid sultan Maḥmūd (r. 388-421/998-1030). He began his career as a secretary in Khorasan in the entourage of the ambitious Turkish general of the Samanids, ʿAmīd-al-dawla Fāʾeq Ḵāṣṣa, and was probably a native of the town of Esfarāʾīn in northwest Khorasan. When the bid for control of Khorasan by Fāʾeq and Abu’l-Qāsem Sīmǰūrī was thwarted by the efforts of Sebüktigin and his son Maḥmūd, Esfarāʾīnī transferred to the service of Sebüktigin. ... L. Richter-Bernburg (1261-1323/1845 to 1905-06), medical instructor, author, and public health official in late Qajar Persia. Abu’l-Ḥasan was born in Ṭarḵorān (34°40′ north latitude, 50° east longitude, apparently identical with Tafreš, of which it used to be a dependency; see Gazetteer of Iran I, p. 654, and maps I-43-B, I-44-A), today the central place of the district of Tafreš, situated between Qom and Hamadān in the Central Province (see Map of Iran, Administrative Divisions, Tehran, 1962). ... R. D. McChesney vizier of Kermānšāhān and chronicler of post-Afsharid Iran. He was a member of a family of Ḥasanī sayyeds long established at Isfahan. Religious considerations had kept earlier members of the family from involvement with the state, but by Afsharid times Golestāna sayyeds were found in government service throughout Iran. One of Abu’l-Ḥasan’s uncles, Mīrzā Moḥammad Taqī, held several positions under Afsharid dynasts: administrator (wakīl) of tax revenues for Kermānšāhān, treasurer of provincial revenues (mostawfī al-mamālek), governor of Hamadān, collector (moḥaṣṣel) of tax revenues for Iraq, and commandant and governor of Kermānšāhān. ... H. Algar , ĀYATALLĀH (1284-1365/1867-1946), an Iranian moǰtahed who was a leading religious authority in the Shiʿite world for more than thirty years. He was born in a village near Isfahan into a family of Behbahānī origin that had traditionally produced religious scholars. His grandfather, Sayyed ʿAbd-al-Ḥamīd, had been a prominent student of Shaikh Mūsā b. Jaʿfar Kāšef-al-ḡeṭāʾ early in the 19th century. ... M. Dabīrsīāqī , ʿALĪ B. ʿABD-AL-ʿAZĪZ B. ḤASAN B. ʿALĪ B. ESMĀʿĪL (“Qāżī Jorǰānī”), Shafeʿite jurist, poet, and man of letters, b. ca. 322/933. He came to Nīšāpūr at the age of fifteen and there progressed rapidly in various fields of learning. He was appointed judge (qāżī) of Gorgān. ... H. Landolt ʿALĪ B. AḤMAD B. JAʿFAR B. SALMĀN (352-425/963-1033), Sufi shaikh of Ḵaraqān, some 20 km north of Basṭām in Khorasan. His shrine, with a recent gravestone but ancient adjoining mosque, overlooks the present-day village. Already celebrated in his own lifetime, Ḵaraqānī is said to receive illustrious visitors such as Sultan Maḥmūd of Ḡazna and Ebn Sīnā. Although many traditions pointing to his greatness as a saint are clearly legendary, there can be no doubt he was a mystic of exceptional genius. ... Ḥ. Maḥbūbī Ardakānī , ḤĀJJ FAḴR-AL-MOLK, b. 1279/1862-63, government official under the late Qajars. He was related to the royal family by blood and marriage. In his youth he served in court as a page. Later he became an attendant of Nāṣer-al-dīn Shah and accompanied him in his tour of Europe (1306/1888-89). He held several military and administrative positions including the governorships of Hamadān (1316/1898-99) and Arāk (three times), and the ministry of commerce (1321/1903-04). ... B. W. Robinson , ṢANĪʿ-AL-MOLK (1814-66), painter in oils and miniature, lacquer artist, and book illustrator. He was the eldest son of Mīrzā Moḥammad Ḡaffārī, and great-nephew of Abu’l-Ḥasan Mostawfī, the first of a line of Kāšān painters. In 1829 he was a pupil of the best of Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah’s court painters, Mehr-ʿAlī. ... H. Javadi , MĪRZĀ, Persian diplomat, b. 1190/1776 in Šīrāz. He was the second son of Mīrzā Moḥammad-ʿAlī, the brother-in-law of Ḥāǰǰī Ebrāhīm Khan Eʿtemād-al-dawla (q.v.), the prime minister of the Qajars Āḡā Moḥammad Khan and Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah; he married Ḥāǰǰī Ebrāhīm’s daughter. ... H. Busse KOHAKĪ, SAYYED, imam of the Nezārī Ismaʿilis of the Qāsemšāhī line, beglerbegi of Kermān under Karīm Khan Zand and his successors from approximately 1181/1768 to 1206/1791-92. The epithet “Kohakī” indicates that he originally was from the village of Kohak in the Maḥallāt region. As imam of the Ismaʿilis, Abu’l-Ḥasan Khan had many adherents in Kermān; his main stronghold was Šahr-e Bābak on the southern slopes of Kūh-e Masāhem (about 110 miles west of Kermān), where he occupied an imposing and superbly equipped fortress. ... H. Algar , MĪRZĀ (1121-1279/1806-63), member of a prominent family of Shiraz who led a turbulent life alternating between government service and the cultivation of religious knowledge in a manner unusual in Qajar Iran. His father, Mīrzā Moḥammad Hādī Fasāʾī, had married the daughter of Ḥosayn ʿAlī Mīrzā Farmānfarmā, so that Abu’l-Ḥasan grew up in affluence and enjoyed the protection of Farmānfarmā. ... See MOŠĪR-AL-MOLK. F. Gaffary painter and historian of the 12th/18th century from Kāšān, son of Mīrzā Moʿezz-al-dīn Moḥammad Ḡaffārī. Under Karīm Khan Zand, Abu’l-Ḥasan was governor of Kāšān, Qom, Naṭanz and Jowšeqān for more than thirty years, beginning in 1162/1749. Later he became Karīm Khan’s secretary and wrote a history of his reign, Golšān-e morād, a detailed and important source for the period. ... D. Duda noted Mughal painter. He was born in 997/1589 at the court of Prince Salīm (later the emperor Jahāngīr, q.v.), where his father, Āqā Reżā from Herat, lived and worked as a painter. He was held in great esteem by Jahāngīr (977-1037/1569-1627), who had him trained to be a court painter like his father and gave him the honorary title Nāder-al-zamān (Wonder of the Age;). ... H. Algar , ĀYATALLĀH (1326-96/1908-76), an influential moǰtahed of Isfahan who was murdered on 7 April 1976 under mysterious circumstances. Born into a family of religious scholars of Māzandarānī origin that had settled in Isfahan in the early 19th century, Šamsābādī received his preliminary education in Isfahan under the guidance of his father, Mīrzā Moḥammad Ebrāhīm, and Ḥāǰǰ Mollā Abu’l-Qāsem. ... D. Pingree medieval mathematician; Seǰzī (late 4th/10th century) quotes some of his propositions regarding the trisection of an angle; and these are all that survive of his work (F. Woepcke, L’algǰbre d’Omar Alkhayyāmī, Paris, 1851, pp. 118-19, 122). It was suggested (Suter, Mathematiker, p. 228) that he may be the ʿAbdallāh b. Moḥammad Heravī who wrote a Resāla fī anna ketāb Oqlīdes fi’l-oṣūl mabnī ʿala’l-taʾlīf al-manṭeqī fī moqaddemātehe (“Epistle on the fact that Euclid’s book The Elements rests upon logical composition in its premises”). ... H. Algar , ḤOJJAT-AL-ESLĀM (?-1350/1932), religious scholar and father of the celebrated Āyatallāh Maḥmūd Ṭālaqānī. Born in the village of Gelīrd near Ṭālaqān, he completed the preliminary stages of his religious training in Tehran before joining the circle of the great moǰtahed Mīrzā Ḥasan Šīrāzī in Sāmarrāʾ. ... Ḏ. Ṣafā QOṬBĪ, Persian poet of the 5th-6th/11th-12th centuries. At his request Asadī Ṭūsī (q.v.) wrote the Loḡat-e fors; and one line in that text attributed to a Naǰmī may be the work of Abu’l-Hayǰā; Asadī calls him his own “learned child” (Loḡat-e fors, pp. 1-2; the verse is on p. 50). Abu’l-Hayǰā was still alive in 507/1113-14. ... H. Corbin Ismaʿili philosopher, for a long time one of the great unknown figures in the history of Irano-Islamic philosophy. A brief notice on him survives in the history of ʿAlī b. Zayd Bayhaqī (a notice in which the proper names are very badly treated in the Indian edition). The historian says: “I have never found any trace of him outside of a qaṣīda in Persian. ... J. van Ess , MOḤAMMAD B. AL-HOḎAYL B. ʿOBAYDALLĀH B. MAKḤŪL AL-ʿABDĪ (ca. 135-227/752-841?), early Muʿtazilite theologian of universal reputation. He seems to have been of Persian descent, a mawlā of ʿAbd-al-Qays. The greater part of his life was spent in Baṣra, where he must have been much impressed by the theology of Żerār b. ʿAmr (ca. 110-200/728-815). The later school tradition did not acknowledge any relationship between him and this productive motakallem. ... C. E. Bosworth official of the Buyids and writer in Arabic of the 4th/10th century. Little is known of him beyond what Yāqūt records in his biographical notice. He apparently came from Fārs; in 323/935 he was appointed head of the finances of the province of Isfahan by the Buyid amir ʿEmād-al-dawla, who had in the previous year taken over Fārs from the governor of the caliph Qāher. Abu’l-Ḥosayn only held this office for a year; and after 324/936 Yāqūt has nothing more to mention of him. ... D. Gimaret Muʿtazilite theologian and lawyer, d. 436/1044. Although he was born in Baṣra, he spent most of his life in Baghdad. His best-known theological work, Ketāb taṣaffoḥ al-adella, was a critical investigation of the various arguments and proofs presented in the writings of earlier Muʿtazilites. His best-known work on jurisprudence is Ketāb al-moʿtamad fī oṣūl al-feqh (ed. ... W. Madelung AL-ḴĀREFĪ, Kufan Shiʿite scholar and leader of the early Zaydite group named after him, the Jārūdīya. The nesba al-Ḵārefī refers him to Ḵāref, a clan of Hamdān which was represented in Kūfa and had supported the movement of Moḵtār. The reading of a further nesba, given as al-Ḥ-w-fī or Ḥ-r-qī, is uncertain. ... See KANKAR. A. Sachedina full name: ABU’L-ḴAṬṬĀB MOḤAMMAD B. ABĪ ZAYNAB MEQLĀS AL-AJDAʿ AL-ASADĪ, founder of the extremist Shiʿite sect Ḵaṭṭābīya. Ṭūsī gives his name as Moḥammad b. Meqlās (Meqlāṣ) al-Asadī al-Kūfī (Reǰāl, p. 302). Kaššī gives the longer form (Reǰāl [abridged and purged version entitled Eḵtīār maʿrefat al-reǰāl by Ṭūsī], Mašhad, 1348 Š. ... W. Madelung , ḤASAN B. SOVĀR B. BĀBĀ B. BAHNĀM (or BAHRĀM), Nestorian Christian physician, philosopher, theologian, and translator, b. Rabīʿ I, 331/November, 942 in Baghdad. In philosophy he was a student of Yaḥyā b. ʿAdī (d. 364/974), head of the Aristotelian school then known as the logicians (manṭeqīyūn). It is unknown with whom he studied medicine. ... Y. Bregel B. DAWLAT SHAIKH OḠLĀN, of the descendants of Šïban (the younger son of Joči), the ruler of the Uzbek nomadic state in Dašt-e Qïpčaq in the 15th century A.D. He was born in 1412 (the year of the dragon), when the former ulus of Šïban was divided in a number of separate nomadic principalities. In the mid-1420s Abu’l-Ḵayr, as well as some other Shaibanid princes, was subordinate to Jumaduq Khan, a member of the same clan. ... Yuri Bregel name used for the dynasty that ruled the khanate of Bukhara in 906-1007/1500-99. Until recently, this dynasty was incorrectly called in Western literature “Shaybanids” (or “Shibanids”). Its forefather was, in fact, Š¿ban, who was the fourth son of Joči, the eldest son of Čengiz Khan (d. 624/1227). However, the sixth generation of his descendants split into two branches. J. van Ess productive Hanafite jurist, author of a Koran commentary and of popular paraenetical works; d. Monday night, 10/11 Jomādā II 373/19 November 983, J. van Ess B. ʿOBAYDALLĀH B. ʿALĪ, author of Bayān al-adyān, the oldest work on religions and sects written in Persian. From the somewhat abbreviated genealogy which he gives in the preface, it becomes clear that he was an ʿAlid. A comparison with Ebn ʿEnaba (ʿOmdat al-ṭāleb, Naǰaf, 1381/1961, p. 331.2ff.) shows that he belonged to the descendants of Ḥosayn Aṣḡar, the son of Zayn-al-ʿābedīn. ... D. Duda painter, portraitist, draftsman, engraver, and expert in artistic bookbinding and restoring who was extolled by the historian Qāżī Aḥmad. He is not mentioned by any other authors. Nothing is known of his works. On his mother’s side he was related to Shah Moḥammad Ḵodābanda (985-95/1578-86). He is said to have died in 1005/1596 and to be buried near the shrine of Qom. J. W. Clinton (or BOḴĀRĀʾĪ), a poet of the Samanid court. He is mentioned earliest in a verse of Šāker Boḵārī (4th/10th cent.; Ṣafā, Adabīyāt I, p. 399). Manūčehrī Dāmḡānī refers to him twice, once by name and again as one of the “five (poets) from Bokhara” (Dīvān, 3rd ed., M. Dabīrsīāqī, Tehran, 1347 Š./1968). Neẓāmī ʿArūżī cites him as belonging to the handful of poets, including Rūdakī, who had been responsible for the survival of the Samanid dynasty’s name. ... G. Lazard an early Persian poet and writer of the Samanid period, whose works have almost entirely disappeared. The details of his life are not known, but his works indicate a keen interest in Iranian antiquity, a knowledge of Pahlavi, and good acquaintance with Mazdean tradition. His major work seem to have been a large prose Šāh-nāma which is referred to as Šāh-nāma-ye bozorg, Šāh-nāma-ye Moʾayyadī or Šāh-nāma-ye Bu’l-Moʾayyad which evidently contained, in great detail, episodes which are not found as such in subsequent epic works. ... H. Halm AḤMAD B. MOḤAMMAD B. AL-MOẒAFFAR, d. in Ṭūs in 500/1106, Shafeʿite jurist and traditionist. He was one of the most important students of Emām-al-ḥaramayn Jovaynī (q.v., d. 478/1085) and a friend of Ḡazālī. For some years he served as qāżī of Ṭūs, but he was eventually deposed from office. P. P. Soucek historian of the reign of the Il-khan Olǰāytū (r. 703-16/1304-16) and member of the Abū Ṭāher family (q.v.) of potters. He was apparently associated with two rivals of the period, the viziers Fażlallāh Rašīd-al-dīn and Tāǰ-al-dīn ʿAlīšāh. ... J. van Ess ʿABDALLĀH B. AḤMAD B. MAḤMŪD (d. Šaʿbān, 319/February, 931), administrator and intellectual of Persian descent, Hanafite jurist and foremost representative of the Moʿtazela in Khorasan. His father had known ʿAbdallāh b. Ṭāher (d. 230/844) personally. Abu’l-Qāsem seems to have stood in a long kottāb tradition. ... L. Giffen , ʿALĪ B. AḤMAD AL-ʿALAWĪ, a scholar of philosophy, theology, and other disciplines who was at first an Emāmī Shiʿite but later embraced a form of extreme Shiʿism; died near Šīrāz, 352/962. C. E. Bosworth B. MOḤAMMAD B. ABĪ ḤANĪFA, vizier to the atabeg of Lorestān Šams-al-dawla Ḡāzī Beg Aydoḡmuš. It was for this vizier that Abu’l-Šaraf Nāṣeḥ b. Ẓafar b. Saʿd Jorbādqānī, in the early years of the 7th/13th century, made his simplified Persian version of Abu’l-Naṣr ʿOtbī’s ornate Arabic history of Sebüktigin and Maḥmūd of Ḡazna, al-Taʾrīḵ al-yamīnī (See ʿOTBĪ). ... R. W. Bulliet B. ḤOSAYN B. ʿAMR, a wealthy dehqān from Sabzavār who was prominent as a founder of madrasas in the second decade of the 5th/11th century. As a member of an old and aristocratic family which had marital connection with the illustrious Mīkālī family, Abu’l-Qāsem served as the deputy for the Bayhaq area of the raʾīs of Nīšāpūr, Abū Naṣr Manṣūr. ... L. Richter-Bernburg , ḤAJJ MĪRZĀ SOLṬĀN-AL-ḤOKAMĀʾ (1245-1322/1829-30 to 1904-05), major representative (practitioner, instructor, author) of traditional medicine in late Qajar Persia. See ABŪ BAKR ḤAṢĪRĪ. EIr , MĪRZĀ, only son of Kāmrān Mīrzā, the brother and rival of the Mughal emperor Homāyūn (r. 937-47, 962-63/1530-40, 1555-56). An incident of symbolic significance, placed in the year 952/1545 (or 951/1544), is related in the Akbar-nāma (tr. I, pp. 455-56): The boys Abu’l-Qāsem and Akbar, sons of two rival princes, wrestle for possession of a kettle-drum, and the latter wins. ... W. Madelung full name: ABU’L-QĀSEM ESḤĀQ B. MOḤAMMAD B. ESMĀʿĪL B. EBRĀHĪM B. ZAYD SAMARQANDĪ, ḤAKĪM, Hanafite scholar, Sufi, and judge (qāżī) of Samarqand. He studied in Balḵ under the prominent Hanafite scholar Moḥammad b. Ḵozayma Qallās (d. 314/926). Also in Balḵ he became a disciple of the Sufi Abū Bakr Moḥammad b. ʿOmar Warrāq, whose sayings he later transmitted, and for whom he expressed the highest admiration. ... K. A. Luther B. ʿALĪ B. ẒAFAR DANDĀN, RABĪB-AL-DONYĀ WA’L-DĪN, vizier of Atabeg Ozbek b. Moḥammad b. Eldagōz, ruler of Azerbaijan, 607-22/1210-25. He is known in the sources as a patron of learning, to whom Saʿd-al-dīn Varāvīnī dedicated his Marzbān-nāma, and as an acquaintance and source of information for Moḥammad Nasavī, author of the Sīrat Jalāl-al-dīn MĪnkobernĪ. ... D. Pingree author of a Ketāb fī oṣūl al-aḥkām (“Book concerning the foundations of astrological judgments”). He may be identical with a namesake who was a contemporary of Ebn Sīnā (A.D. 980-1037). D. MacEoin EBRĀHĪMĪ, ḤĀJJ, SARKĀR ĀQĀ, fourth head of the Kermānī branch of the Šayḵī school of Shiʿism. Abu’l-Qāsem was born in Kermān on 23 Ḏu’l-Ḥeǰǰa 1314/25 May 1897, the son of Ḥāǰǰ Zayn-al-ʿābedīn Khan, his predecessor in the office, and the grandson of Ḥāǰǰ Moḥammad Karīm Khan Kermānī, the first head of the Kermānī Šayḵīs. ... S. Moinul Haq (pen name MONʿEMĪ), 18th century historian of Kashmir. He was apparently attached to the court of Awadh, since he mentions his accompanying the nawwāb’s army to Etawah in 1188/1774. Though a poet, he is not mentioned in familiar taḏkeras. His father, Ḵᵛāǰa Moḥammad Aʿẓam Kōl (Kawl?) Mostaḡnī, wrote a history of Kashmir titled Wāqeʿāt-e Kašmir. ... D. Duda B. EBRĀHĪM B. ʿALAM EBRĀHĪM B. ṢĀLEḤ, 5th/11th century calligrapher, probably a native and resident of Nīšāpūr. His name is preserved in the colophon of a Koran manuscript written in early nasḵī script. The Koran (London, British Library, Add. 7214; Plate XVI) is dated Jomādā I, 427/March, 1036. ... M. H. Pathan Bēglār chief of Sind, b. at Nasarpur, Sind, in 969/1562. He was also known by the title “Arḡūn” (Mīr Moḥammad, Tārīḵ, p. 228; Mīr ʿAlī, Toḥfa I, p. 203); this was due to his family’s association with the Arghunids of Qandahār and Sind. The family traced its ancestry to ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭāleb. ... See BĪRŪNĪ, ABU’L-RAYḤĀN. C. Cahen , AḤMAD B. MOḤAMMAD, Buyid vizier. Of unknown origin, Abu’l-Rayyān had been lieutenant in Baghdad of Moṭahhar b. ʿAbdallāh and the Christian Naṣr b. Hārūn, both viziers of ʿAżod-al-dawla. They had chosen him less for reasons of exceptional qualities than for his long experience in numerous positions. When ʿAżod-al-dawla died in the beginning of 375/985, Abu’l-Rayyān was temporarily imprisoned, then named the single vizier of the new amir, Ṣamṣām-al-dawla. ... See EṢFAHĀNĪ, ABU’L-ŠAYḴ. M. Forstner B. ḤOSAYN B. MOṢʿAB B. ROZAYQ, founder of the Taherid dynasty of Khorasan; born 139/775-76 in Pūšang (Būšang), died 207/822 in Marv. Ṭāher’s great-grandfather Rozayq was mawlā of the governor of Seǰestān, Abū Moḥammad Ṭalḥa b. ʿAbdallāh Ḵozāʿī (62-64/681-82 to 683-84), and the Taherid family came then as mawālī of the Arab tribe of Ḵozāʿa to Khorasan. ... J. Wakin ĀMOLĪ, jurisconsult, judge (qāżī), and professor of legal sciences; he was regarded by his contemporaries as one of the leading Shafeʿites of 5th/11th century Baghdad. Born in Āmol in Ṭabarestān in 348/959-60, Ṭabarī began his studies at age fourteen, somewhat late by the standards of the time. In 371/981 he went to Gorgān and then to Nīšāpūr to study, but finally settled in Baghdad, where he became a student of the famous traditionist Dāraqoṭnī. ... D. Pingree B. SAʿĪD, author of a Persian Moḵtaṣar-e moštamel bar mesāḥat-e abʿād va soṭūḥ va moǰassamāt va bar kayfīyat-e aʿmāl-e hendī (“Epitome comprising areas, distances, surfaces, and solids and the manner of the Indian operations”). The unique manuscript, in Leningrad, was copied from the author’s autograph written in 823/1420-21. H. Landolt famous Sufi of Kobrawī affiliation, esoterist, scholar, poet, and musician, known as “angelic master” (pīr-e ferešta) or “angel on earth” (ferešta-ye rū-ye zamīn). Ḵᵛāǰa Abu’l-Wafāʾ, as he is usually called, died in 835/1431-32 in Ḵᵛārazm. From one of his quatrains, in which he speaks of himself as an old man of seventy-four years about to leave this world no wiser than he entered it, we may infer that he was born around 760/1359. ... D. Pingree mathematician and astronomer, b. Wednesday, on the new moon of Ramażān, 328/10 June 940, at Būzǰān in the region of Nīšāpūr. He studied arithmetic under his paternal uncle, Abū ʿAmr Moḡāzelī, and his maternal uncle, Abū ʿAbdallāh Moḥammad b. ʿAnbasa, presumably at Būzǰān. ... H. Algar , SAYYED KAMĀL-AL-DĪN (fl. 10th/16th century), a Sufi of Shiraz, morīd of the well-known preacher, mystic and writer, Shah Dāʿī Elā Allāh Šīrāzī (d. 870/1465), who dedicated to him his commentary on the Mathnawi of Rumi. ... L. A. Giffen full name: ABU’L-WAZĪR ʿOMAR B. MOṬARREF B. MOḤAMMAD ʿABDĪ AL-MARVAZĪ, secretary and author, d. 186/802. The biographers confirm that his family was from Marv, and the nesba ʿAbdī relates him to the tribe of ʿAbd-al-Qays (q.v.; Fehrest, p. 127; Yāqūt, Odabāʾ XVI, Cairo, 1936-38, pp. 71-73; Aḡānī3, p. 46). According to Yāqūt (loc. cit.), Abu’l-Wazīr’s father Moṭarref served Mahdī as a secretary while he was still heir-apparent to the caliphate. ... Y. Richard ʿABBĀS B. TARḴĀN, Iranian poet, d. 230/844. He has occasionally been identified with Abu’l-ʿAbbās Marvazī (q.v.; d. 200/815-16). ... E. Yarshater a remarkable village in the Barz-rūd subdistrict (dehestān) in Naṭanz šahrestān, 38 km northeast of Naṭanz (Razmārā, Farhang III, p. 3), and 18 km from the asphalt road connecting Naṭanz to Kāšān (Farhang-e ābādīhā-ye kešvar VII, Tehran, 1969, p. 46). An upland village of about 2,000 population (2,181 according to the 1966 census, ibid.), Abyāna sits at the top of the fairly long (about 25 km) and verdant valley of Barz-rūd, which runs westward from the Hanǰan bridge past the villages of Yārand, Komǰān, Barz, and Tara. ... E. Yarshater the dialect spoken in the village of Abyāna (q.v.), one of a number of closely similar dialects spoken in the villages of Kāšān and its neighboring districts, all belonging to the Central Dialects of Iran (or Southern Median). E. Ehlers title of the person given official charge of the irrigation of ābī “irrigated” lands. He may be a farmer or sharecropper elected by the cultivators, in those villages where farmers work their own land (see Ḵorda-mālek, and Raʿīyat), or he may be appointed by a landlord. The ābyār’s duty is to oversee the just and equal distribution of irrigation water; he is compensated by either a share in the produce of the ābī lands or a fixed payment in money or in kind. ... B. Spooner “irrigation” in Iran. Although dry farming is important in Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, and Khorasan, as well as some other districts, a large proportion of Iran’s agriculture has always depended upon irrigation. Approximately half the annual grain crop, and an overwhelming proportion of other crops, are irrigated. ... A. E. Khairallah , ḴᵛĀJA ʿAMĪD-AL-DĪN ASʿAD B. NAṢR B. JAHŠĪĀR B. . . . FARROḴĀN ANṢĀRĪ FĀLĪ, poet and the vizier of the Salghurid Atabeg of Fārs Saʿd b. Zangī (594-623/1197-1226). Ebn Fowatī calls him ʿAmīd-al-molk Abū Ḡānem Abu’l-Moẓaffar. ... M. F. Kanga Middle Persian term meaning “prosperity, increase” in Zoroastrianism. The Avestan word spənta (usually translated as “holy” or “bountiful”) implies increase and abundance. It is generally translated into Pahlavi by aβzōnīk, “increasing, prosperous.” The rendering of spənta by aβzōnīk looks to the result of the activity of the being who is spənta, i.e., possesses the supernatural power (nērang) needed to promote the wellbeing of the world, which is the aβzūt of living creatures. ... |