Contents

ECONOMY

i. Economic geography.

ii. In the Pre-Achaemenid period.

iii. In the Achaemenid period.

iv. In the Sasanian period.

v. From the Arab conquest to the end of the Il-khanids.

vi. In the Timurid period.

vii. From the Safavids through the Zands

viii. In the Qajar period.

ix. In the Pahlavi period.

x. Under the Islamic Republic.

xi. In modern Afghanistan.

xii. In Tajikistan.